0.6 C
Vienna
Friday, January 30, 2026
type here...
Analytics

Russian influence on the processes in scandinavian countries

By ascolta
1230
6897

The Scandinavian countries have long been a priority for Russians in terms of emigration, obtaining a residence permit and establishing long-lasting diasporas. At the same time, the formation of the Russian diaspora in these countries began rather late (except for Finland, which was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire and sheltered many Russian emigrants after the Russian Revolution (1917), especially among the intellectuals). The remaining states of the region, namely Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, stayed outside of Russians and other ex-USSR residents’ interests until the early 1990s. Extensive infrastructure, a high living standard and social benefits prompted fortune-seekers from the former USSR to turn their attention to Scandinavia in the 1990s, although migrants faced competition from Poles and citizens of the Baltic countries.

Recently, events in the countries located in Northern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula have been brought up to date due to several activities in which the Russian Federation has a direct interest. These include:

• the regrouping of forces in Europe after Brexit;

• Russia’s implementation of projects aimed at the development of the Arctic and development of Arctic sea routes;

• the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline construction works;

• confrontation about NATO’s attempts on expanding and strengthening in the region;

• the problem of sanctions imposed by European states against the Russian Federation;

• competition in important economic sectors (e.g., energy).

The following institutions are the main centres for the development of policy toward the states of Northern Europe in Russia.

The Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation

The  “Northern European” direction is under the personal control of the Assistant to the President of the Russian Federation Yuri Ushakov, who was previously the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Kingdom of Denmark. It is Ushakov who develops recommendations regarding the political line of communication with the states of the region.

In the abovementioned countries, the posts within the embassy also include people who were once proposed by Yuri Ushakov (who is still considered in Russia as the “shadow minister of foreign affairs”).

Also, significant interest in Northern Europe, in particular, in Norway, is shown by the Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation Sergey Kiriyenko, who informally keeps his influence in the Rosatom corporation. This corporation has developed and is implementing the Directive for the Development of the Northern Sea Route, which Kiriyenko also takes part in promoting.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Scandinavian topics are directly under the jurisdiction of First Deputy Minister Vladimir Titov, who at one time was the Russian Minister-Counselor in Sweden.

Issues related to the Nordic countries are supervised by the Second European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, which has been headed by Sergey Belyaev since October 19, 2018. His negative is that he is a subject matter expert who dealt exclusively with issues of Russian-Finnish relations for a long time and was a minister-counsellor in Finland during 2005-2010 and 2014-2018.

Pavel Kuznetsov took his post as the Ambassador in Finland in August 2017. He is an experienced envoy who started his career back in the days of the USSR. In particular, he worked in Finland during 1980-1985 and 1991-1996, and for some time he headed the Second European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is fluent in Finnish. Counsellor-envoy Leonid Anisimov and the first secretary of the embassy Yevgeny Teplov are very enthusiastic about their actions.

In Sweden, the Embassy is headed by Viktor Tatarintsev since 2014, who previously served as Ambassador to Iceland and headed the Second European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 2010-2014.

Since November 2016 Teimuraz Ramishvili performs his duties in Norway (in 2007 – 2012 he served as Ambassador to Denmark). Ramishvili considers himself a member of Ushakov’s team and his student. It is worth mentioning the Ambassador-Counselor of the Embassy Andrei Kolesnikov as an iconic character in the Russian Embassy in Norway, who play an important role in promoting Russia’s interests in the country. So does the military attache Colonel Alexander Kosarev. 

In Denmark, the head of the Embassy is Vladimir Barbin (appointed in December 2018), also a member of Ushakov’s team. Previously, he was the Minister-Counsellor of the Russian Federation in Sweden, later he served as the Ambassador-at-Large for International Cooperation in the Arctic of the Russian Foreign Ministry. An important role in the Embassy is played by Military Attache Vladimir Matveev, Minister-Counselor Anna Knyazeva and Advisor for Bilateral Cooperation Alexei Naumov.

The Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

In the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU), the situation linked to Northern Europe is under the competence of the First (European Union), the Fifth (operational intelligence), the Seventh (NATO countries) and the Twelve-Bis (information warfare and information technology) Directorates.

According to reports, in 2017 the GRU increased the request for preparing specialists in the Norwegian and Danish languages ​who studies in the Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation​ by three units annually.

The Foreign Intelligence Service

In addition to semi-legal residents, this institution operates through an extensive network of emigrants, diplomats and business representatives. According to public data, Norway is the primary interest in this area. Some projects of the FIS are being developed under the mask of environmental programs. These, for example, include the Expert Center of the Project Office for the Development of the Arctic (PODA), working as a structural unit of the Environmental Fund of the Siberian Federal University (the chairman of the PODA centre is Boris Tarasov, and the executive director is Alexander Stotsky, who previously had a relationship with the activities of the Russian residency in Ukraine).

The Center for Environmental Consulting and Monitoring “Pomor” (Murmansk) also works closely with the FIS. Timofey Surovtsev, the head of the Center, does not hide the fact that his main task is to resist the negative coverage of environmental problems in Russia in the Norwegian media, as well as to establish relations with Norwegian environmentalists (an attempt of holding joint camps in the north of Norway was made in 2018).

The Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church traditionally has an extensive network of representatives in almost all European states. The Department for External Church Relations in the Russian Orthodox Church is headed by Metropolitan Anthony (Sevryuk) of Volokolamsk. Having inherited this post from Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeev), Anthony continues the approach of strict discipline, weekly reports from the clergy on the mood of the congregation and the main tendencies in the social life of the host countries. Since July 2022, serious changes have been made in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church, including the renewal of primates of foreign churches and parishes.

The jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church in Finland consists of 7 churches, connected in a deanery as part of the Patriarchal parishes of the Moscow Patriarchate.

In Norway, the representative office of the Russian Orthodox Church is headed by Archimandrite Kliment (Hukhtamäki), rector of the Church of St. Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga in the city of Oslo. Vladyka Kliment is 52 years-old ethnic Finn, who was born in a Lutheran family and at a mature age crossed over to Orthodoxy. He is fluent in Russian, English, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian and Greek. According to reports, the leadership of the Foreign Relations Department of the Russian Orthodox Church has a particularly worshipful attitude towards Clement.

The Primate of the Orthodox community of the city of Trondheim, Father Alexander (Volokhan) and the head of the Orthodox community in the city of Bergen, Father Dmitry (Ostashin) are in his compliance.

There is no full-fledged primate of the Russian Orthodox Church in Sweden since 2004. The representative of the Moscow Patriarchate in Finland Viktor (Lyutik) has been appointed as the temporary acting dean of the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church in Sweden. Archpriest Vitaly (Babushkin), the rector of the St. Sergius parish in the capital of Sweden, deals with the affairs of the church directly in Stockholm. The action plan of the ROC includes the establishment of a Scandinavian exarchate with a centre in Stockholm.

At the same time, several parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia operate in Sweden, which is not under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church. Since the 2000s, the rector of the Alexander Nevsky Church in Copenhagen, Archpriest Sergiy Plekhov, regularly visited the Serbian parish of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Malmö, where he performed church services in Church Slavonic. This resulted in the formation of a local community, which in 2017 began implementing the procedure of state registration of the parish in honour of the Kursk-Root Icon of the Mother of God. In 2018, Priest Ilya Shemyakin, a graduate of the Jordanville Seminary, was ordained for the parish.

In Denmark, the Russian Orthodox Church has a minor presence. In addition to the church of St. Alexander Nevsky in Copenhagen (rector – Father Sergei (Bondarev)), there are churches in Aarhus and Hobro, as well as a convent near Odense.

Chambers of Commerce and Industry

Business associations and chambers of commerce and industry are one of the most effective tools for lobbying Russian interests in Europe.

The Norwegian-Russian Chamber of Commerce (Executive Director – Jarle Forbord) unites about 140 Norwegian and Russian companies. Among its founders are Telenor, StatOil, Orcla Fuds, Acer Querner Contracting, Exportfinance, A-Pressen, the Norwegian Industrial Development Corporation, the State Fund for Industrial and Regional Development, the Norwegian Bank, and a number of Russian companies.

The Russian-Swedish Business Council is headed by Hans Westberg, President of the Ericsson Concern, Martin Lundstedt, President of the Volvo Group, and Vladimir Dmitriev, Vice President of the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. An important point: despite the sanctions against Russia were supported by the Swedish government, not a single Swedish company left the Russian market. The St. Petersburg Economic Forum, which took place in June 2019 was attended by the heads of several Swedish companies – ABB, AstraZeneca, Boule Diagnostics AB, East Capital, EF, Ericsson, Ferronordic Machines AB, Ingka Group (IKEA), Investor AB, Oriflame, Scania AB, SKF, Stena AB, Volvo Group and others.

Non-governmental organisations

Non-governmental organisations play an equally important role in promoting Russian interests in the Scandinavian countries. Among them, there are those directly or indirectly funded by the state, and those grown locally and financed by the diaspora, representatives of local businesses or by other types of donations and contributions.

Among the largest organisations operating in the Scandinavian countries, attention should be pointed to the Worldwide Compatriots Coordination Council (chaired by Mikhail Drozdov). The council was established in 2001. Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke at the Second Congress of the Council in 2002. According to unofficial data, the structure is completely controlled by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service and Yevgeny Primakov personally was an initiator of its creation.

In Sweden, the Compatriots Coordination Council is headed by Lyudmila Siegel. She also heads the Union of Russian Societies in Sweden, an organisation that is part of the Forum of Ethnic Organisations in Sweden. Also, Lyudmila Siegel is the head of the Russian-Swedish Cultural-Ecological Society “Ladya”, which organizes exhibitions, concerts, and tours of choirs from Russia. She coordinates joint projects with Russian societies in Uppsala and Gothenburg and the Mälardalsrådet Regional Council.

The Compatriots Coordination Council in Norway is headed by Zhanna Furynes. By her initiative, in 2007 the youth association “RuNo” was formed in Oslo. In April 2018, the Regional Conference of Russian compatriots from the Northern European and the Baltic Sea countries took place in Oslo. In the city of Bergen, a cultural and educational society “Compatriots” was created, led by Tatyana Dale, an employee of the regional administration of the Hordaland province. She also publishes the journal Rights of Compatriots in Northern Europe and the Baltic Sea.

The Coordinating Council of Compatriots in Denmark is headed by Svetlana Manizer.

For a deeper understanding of the system of such structures in Northern Europe, as well as for the analysis of the socio-economic and domestic political sphere, it is proposed to consider each country separately:

Finland

In Finland, Russians are the third largest nationality (after Finns and Swedes). As of 2020, their number was estimated at 84 thousand people, of which about 25 thousand people have dual citizenship (Finnish and Russian). In January-June 2013, Russian citizens were in first place in terms of the number of requests for a residence permit in Finland – 1832 people (from India – 951; China – 687).

Gennady Timchenko, a businessman and a close friend of Vladimir Putin is among representatives of the Russian elite that hold Finnish citizenship.

Mostly, Russian-speaking migrants are Ingrians from the Russian Federation and Estonia. In the spring of 1990, President Mauno Koivisto issued a special decree. According to it, Ingrians became considered “returnees”. This was legally reflected in Finnish law in 1993. The unregulated flow of returnees was restricted in 1996 by a law that clarified the criteria for Finnish origin. Later, a queue system was introduced, and knowledge of the Finnish language was required for advancement. Nowadays, the right to settle requires passing an exam test (based on the IPAKI system at a level not lower than A2).

The economic improvement in the Russian Federation and Estonia contributed to the fact that half of the Ingrians remained out of this queue. To obtain the right to reside, it is necessary to prove that the returnee himself, one of his parents or two grandparents are marked in the documents as Finns. Also, persons who were taken to Finland during the Second World War or served in the Finnish army can obtain a residence permit without any language tests. The number of Ingrians who entered Finland since the 1990s exceeds 25,000, but the number of those who entered during the first year is not known.

According to sociologists, about 20% of the Russian-speaking population of Finland is unemployed.

An important centre of Russian life in Finland is the Russian House in Helsinki, operating since 1977. It is a part of the “Rossotrudnichestvo” system. The heads of the Russian House are Pyotr Yakhmenev and Anastasia Miklina.

The largest association of the Russian diaspora in Finland is the Finnish Association of Russian-Speaking Societies (FARS), which unites 42 organisations. The Association draws the attention of official authorities and society to the issues of the Russian-speaking population of Finland, takes initiatives and comments, participates in the work of Finnish and international organisations that deal with immigration and ethnic minorities, and supports its member organisations in their activities by providing them with consulting assistance, arranges seminars, workshops, meetings, conducts informational and publishing activities. The association is headed by Natalia Nerman.

Fairly active work is carried out by the Vantaa Russian Club. It provides employment services for citizens, holds thematic events for pensioners and teenagers, and promotes the development of cultural initiatives of the Russian-speaking population. The club is run by Svetlana Chistyakova and Valery Komina.

There are certain organisational difficulties. Until the end of 2020, the Russian-language newspaper Spektr was published in Finland, which ceased its work on January 1, 2021, due to financial difficulties. Internet resources in Russian are mostly weak, and anaemic, publications appear irregularly.

The most popular resource for the Russian-speaking Finnish community is the “Finland in Russian” website.

Sweden

More than 100 thousand Russian-speaking migrants live in Sweden. Lyudmila Siegel, one of the activists in the Russian community, stated in an interview: “Many Russians and Russian-speaking residents of Sweden do not belong to any societies, diasporas. They are not even registered by the consulate. Who works with these people? With their children? And this is at least 80% of the total number of our compatriots in Sweden. They are left behind. State programs, like education, do not keep up with changes and the real world. There is no mobility, lightness, or understanding of the situation.” She also suggested: “It seems to me that we need a state program “I am proud that I am a Russian!” and a detailed action plan. But it should be implemented by non-systemic people. Consistency is good for reporting, but ineffective in reality.”

As a general matter, Sweden has the largest number of ethnic Russians (compared to Finland, Norway and Denmark). Therefore, more than 35 organisations, either focused on Russia or advocating the development of relations with Russia, are registered here. In addition to culturological societies, frankly political organisations also operate here, such as the Immortal Regiment (“Bessmertniy Polk”, headed by Irina Brosalin), the Ribbon of Saint George Association (headed by Oleg Mezhuev – the society, in particular, launched fundraising for residents of the self-proclaimed «DPR» and «LPR»). In addition to ethnic Russians, some Swedish pro-Russian organisations are led by ethnic Swedes – for example, Niklas Bennemark (SKRUV Society) or Barbra Chelkerud (Swedish-Russian Friendship Society). At the initiative of the Coordinating Council, the Russian-language portals “Ours in Sweden” and “Swedish Palm” were opened.

A Teen Club, which was created around Top Dans Studio, a dance school for Russian-speaking children, operates in Stockholm. Kids participated in international dance festivals and held 15 own concerts. Headed by Natalia Tsypkina.

A Russian Salon has been opened on Östermalm in Stockholm. It pays much attention to children who want to preserve the Russian language. Lyudmila Tourne manages this club.

Also, the following organisations operate in Sweden: the Compatriot Club, the Russian-Swedish Cultural Society in Gothenburg (chaired by Inna Khromova), the BERUS association, which represented Russia during the celebration of the 750th anniversary of Stockholm, the Foreign Policy Association at Stockholm University (Olga Sulina), the Russian House in Uppsala (Andrei Lakstigal, arranger of Kinorurik, the Russian film festivals), Swedish-Russian society SKRUV in Ystad, that facilitates contacts with Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The “Resurrection” Society, led by actress Irina Jonsson, arranges tours of famous artists but dreams of starting their own theatre.

Fun fact: in Sweden, there is a Russian-speaking Society of Anonymous Alcoholics (led by Yuri Babyuk).

The Russian-Swedish Internet is growing and developing. The first website in the Russian language was ryskweb.ru, launched by Alexander Dokukin, currently working on the stockholm.ru project. Later, the portal was replaced by two sites: “Ours in Sweden” (made by Slava Averkiev) and “Swedish Palma” (introduced by Pavel Mesolik, Mikhail Lyubarsky, Oliana Lionovskaya and Nikolai Romanov). It is possible to find there some information regarding concerts and gatherings, see photos, and chat on the forum. The authors of the Internet projects agreed to receive informational support from the Union of Russian-Speaking Societies in Sweden. Slava Averkiev undertook a commitment to launch a special “Russian Culture” forum to discuss the problems of creating a society of Russians. There is also an Orthodox website in Russian, the author of which is Dr Vitaly Koisin (www.orthodoxy.ru/sweden).

Activities of pro-Russian forces in Sweden are more tangible than in other Scandinavian countries. In 2016, there was a high-profile scandal regarding the disclosure of the activities of a journalist who emigrated from Russia and writes under five pseudonyms, the most famous of which are “Egor Putilov” and “Tobias Lagerfeld”. It is believed that a certain Alexander Friedbak is hiding behind these pseudonyms (there are suspicions that this is not his real name). Friedbak worked in the secretariat of the right-wing populist party Swedish Democrats.

This political party most of all acts as a Russia’s attorney (although in 2015, a youth wing aimed to cooperate with Russia and headed by William Khane separated from the party). The party’s statements show support for the Russian interpretation of the war in Donbas, calls to lift sanctions against Russia, supports anti-immigration slogans and theses on preventing Sweden from joining NATO.

Gustav Kasselstrand and Kent Eckeroth are among the most pro-Russian politicians in Sweden. Pro-Russian sentiments are also demonstrated by extreme right-wing political forces, neo-Nazis and skinheads.

The Russian-funded “Anti-Euromaidan-Sweden” organization, headed by Oleg Mezhuev, operates openly in Sweden.

After 2014, a significant part of the Russian liberal opposition found political asylum in Sweden. So did representatives of left-wing organisations, among which, according to several experts, there are agents of the Russian special services. In particular, such suspicions were raised in the media regarding Alexei Sakhnin, one of the leaders, who received asylum in Sweden.

Most of all Russia uses the Aftonbladet magazine to disseminate the necessary theses and definitions in Swedish society.

To a large extent, representatives of big business, who also have an influence on the government, are interested in cooperation between Sweden and Russia. Russia plans to influence the Swedish government to lift the sanctions through business and  “Swedish Democrats”. 

Our sources point attention to the activities of the investment fund East Capital (Stockholm), which is one of the largest lobbyists for Russian interests in Sweden. An interesting fact: Aivaras Abromavicius, the former Ukrainian Minister of Economy is a co-founder of the fund. He is considered to be close to businessman Nathaniel Rothschild, who, in turn, has recently demonstrated a common game with RAO Gazprom.

The Swedish mining company LKAB took part in the construction of the “Nord Stream 2”. The company’s products were transported through Norway to the port of Karlshamn and the island of Gotland. Swedish companies have earned about EUR 30 mln from logistics operations alone.

Norway

According to official statistics, in 2019 about 18,500 Russian-speaking immigrants lived in Norway/ Compared to 2000, this number has almost doubled. Every year, about 1,000 citizens of Russia and other CIS countries receive a Norwegian residence permit.

In the late 90s and early 2000s, most of the immigrants from Russia were natives of the North Caucasian republics, who applied to the Norwegian authorities for political asylum in connection with the “counter-terrorist operation” taking place in this area. After its ending, the situation significantly changed. Now, residents of the Kola Peninsula, which is located close to the border of the Russian Federation and Norway, relocate to Norway most often.

Nowadays, Russians can obtain the status of a permanent resident of Norway in three ways: by marrying a Norwegian citizen; employment at the country’s enterprises; or being admitted to a Norwegian university.

Close contact with Russian compatriots in Norway has the Arktikugol trust. It engaged in the development of coal deposits at Svalbard (Spitsbergen) island (they are mines “Barentsburg”, “Pyramid” and now closed “Grumant”). The trust sponsors the issuing of the “Russian Bulletin of Spitsbergen” and also allocates funds for the “Compatriot in Scandinavia” periodical.

The main information resource that allows Russians and Russian-speakers in Norway to coordinate their actions (including help in finding housing and work, training classes, etc.) is the “Russian Norway” Facebook group (https://www.facebook.com /groups/russkayanorvegia/), connecting over 7 thousand users.

Russia is concerned about the presence of NATO military bases in Norway and the possibility of their influence on the Russian and Chinese Arctic programs. Russian experts practically do not obscure the fact that environmental activities that criticise Norwegian Arctic programs (the impact on the number of polar bears, climate change, etc.) are mainly associated with the competition with Norway.

According to unverified information, Russia sponsors the environmental organisation Friends of the Earth Norway, which advocates the closure of several industrial facilities. In December 2019, environmentalists from this society brought about 4,500 people to a rally in support of the closure of the Nussir copper mine in northern Norway. This organisation has close ties to the Russian institution PORA, which is suspected of having ties with the Foreign Intelligence Service.

Given the fact that 67% of Norwegians consider Russia a source of potential military danger to their country, it is a thankless task to express pro-Russian sentiments in Norway. Recently, pro-Russian statements were publicly expressed by  Ragnhild Vassvik, a head of the provincial council of the Finnmark administrative-territorial unit (in an article for iFinnmark, she called for lifting the sanctions against Russia) and Georges Chabert, a professor of the Norwegian Institute of Natural and Technical Sciences in Trondheim (in December 2019, he proposed considering Norway’s withdrawal from NATO as existing Russia does not pose a danger to the world community).

Russia is actively working with the population of Norwegian northern territories, among the Saami, trying to oppose the north and south of Norway. The initial stake in the search for possible allies in the Green Party and the Progress Party did not work. The rest of the potential allies are too few and uninfluential – the bet on the leader of the Communists Runa Evensen brought no result, and all the political forces with which Russians tried to establish contact demonstrate a result of less than 1%.

Denmark

In its time, it was Denmark, where Yuri Ushakov and Sergei Ryabkov, the “anchors” of the current Russian diplomacy, started their diplomatic careers. The Danish Queen Margrethe was the first European crowned person (except for the Romanian King Mihai), who visited the USSR in 1974.

As of 2018, about 7,000 ethnic Russians and about 29,000 people from other republics of the former Soviet Union lived in Denmark.

There are about 20 organizations focused on the promotion of Russian culture, language and knowledge about Russia working in Denmark.

The Russian House (Russian Center for Science and Culture) in Copenhagen is headed by Diana Magad (she is also an adviser to the Embassy). The Russian House was opened in 2001 and is engaged in the development and promotion of Russian culture in Denmark. The Russian House includes educational sections, legal advice, an amateur theatre, and the “The Moon Shines” ensemble.

Another facility that connects Russian-speaking citizens is the “Russian Society” in Copenhagen, founded in 1998 and headed by Irina Ivanchenko-Jensen. The “Russian Society” is a member of the Coordinating Council of Compatriots.

In Denmark, Russia’s main political partner is the Danish People’s Party (led by Christian Tulesen Dahl). The party is represented by 16 deputies in the Folketing and 1 deputy in the European Parliament.

Most of the political actors in Denmark took the position of criticising Russia. In 2018, the Folketing tried to pass a law that would envisage criminal liability for pro-Russian positions and statements.

In 2019, Denmark was under precise attention: the construction of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline depended on its position. Journalist Jens Gyvsgaard explains Denmark’s position this way: “The problem was that we were under pressure from Russia and Germany, on the one hand, and the United States, on the other. The United States urged us not to grant permission, while Berlin and Moscow requested to allow it immediately. It was a very difficult decision because Germany and America are very close allies for Denmark, we are trading partners. Therefore, we took a decision – to give international waters between Denmark and Poland for the project. Since 1972, there have been disputes over which of the two countries this water area belongs to. Copenhagen requested studies regarding the possibility of paving the way in these waters. The Kremlin agreed and Denmark granted its permission for this route. We did this because these are international waters and because we are a small country, and we do not want to be punished either by Russia and Germany, on the one hand, or by the United States, on the other.

In the summer of 2019, US President Donald Trump offered to buy Greenland from Denmark, which led to intensifying anti-American sentiment in the country. This moment was used to lobby for permission to build a gas pipeline through the territorial waters of Denmark.

In March 2019, Danish politician and financier Klaus Risker Pedersen, in an interview with Altinget, said that it is more beneficial for Denmark to be friends with Russia than with the United States. “It is simply unprofitable for Denmark to be at enmity with Russia. We have been cooperating with the Russians for 400 years. This means that we must stop conflicting with the Russians. We need to expand cooperation with them. This whole story with Eastern Ukraine and Crimea does not concern Europe at all, it is none of our business,” – said the politician, a former member of the European Parliament. “Russia has never attacked Europe. They are our friends. We just have different views on how society should be organized. But just a difference of opinion does not make you enemies and does not force you to go to war with each other … Pursuing a policy like the current one is madness. It should’ve be changed a long time ago, I don’t doubt it for a second.”

Previous article
Political situation in modern Russian Federation (September 2022) (Part 3)
Next article
War Chronicles (08.10-09.10)

The Scandinavian countries have long been a priority for Russians in terms of emigration, obtaining a residence permit and establishing long-lasting diasporas. At the same time, the formation of the Russian diaspora in these countries began rather late (except for Finland, which was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire and sheltered many Russian emigrants after the Russian Revolution (1917), especially among the intellectuals). The remaining states of the region, namely Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, stayed outside of Russians and other ex-USSR residents’ interests until the early 1990s. Extensive infrastructure, a high living standard and social benefits prompted fortune-seekers from the former USSR to turn their attention to Scandinavia in the 1990s, although migrants faced competition from Poles and citizens of the Baltic countries.

Recently, events in the countries located in Northern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula have been brought up to date due to several activities in which the Russian Federation has a direct interest. These include:

• the regrouping of forces in Europe after Brexit;

• Russia’s implementation of projects aimed at the development of the Arctic and development of Arctic sea routes;

• the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline construction works;

• confrontation about NATO’s attempts on expanding and strengthening in the region;

• the problem of sanctions imposed by European states against the Russian Federation;

• competition in important economic sectors (e.g., energy).

The following institutions are the main centres for the development of policy toward the states of Northern Europe in Russia.

The Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation

The  “Northern European” direction is under the personal control of the Assistant to the President of the Russian Federation Yuri Ushakov, who was previously the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Kingdom of Denmark. It is Ushakov who develops recommendations regarding the political line of communication with the states of the region.

In the abovementioned countries, the posts within the embassy also include people who were once proposed by Yuri Ushakov (who is still considered in Russia as the “shadow minister of foreign affairs”).

Also, significant interest in Northern Europe, in particular, in Norway, is shown by the Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation Sergey Kiriyenko, who informally keeps his influence in the Rosatom corporation. This corporation has developed and is implementing the Directive for the Development of the Northern Sea Route, which Kiriyenko also takes part in promoting.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Scandinavian topics are directly under the jurisdiction of First Deputy Minister Vladimir Titov, who at one time was the Russian Minister-Counselor in Sweden.

Issues related to the Nordic countries are supervised by the Second European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, which has been headed by Sergey Belyaev since October 19, 2018. His negative is that he is a subject matter expert who dealt exclusively with issues of Russian-Finnish relations for a long time and was a minister-counsellor in Finland during 2005-2010 and 2014-2018.

Pavel Kuznetsov took his post as the Ambassador in Finland in August 2017. He is an experienced envoy who started his career back in the days of the USSR. In particular, he worked in Finland during 1980-1985 and 1991-1996, and for some time he headed the Second European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is fluent in Finnish. Counsellor-envoy Leonid Anisimov and the first secretary of the embassy Yevgeny Teplov are very enthusiastic about their actions.

In Sweden, the Embassy is headed by Viktor Tatarintsev since 2014, who previously served as Ambassador to Iceland and headed the Second European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 2010-2014.

Since November 2016 Teimuraz Ramishvili performs his duties in Norway (in 2007 – 2012 he served as Ambassador to Denmark). Ramishvili considers himself a member of Ushakov’s team and his student. It is worth mentioning the Ambassador-Counselor of the Embassy Andrei Kolesnikov as an iconic character in the Russian Embassy in Norway, who play an important role in promoting Russia’s interests in the country. So does the military attache Colonel Alexander Kosarev. 

In Denmark, the head of the Embassy is Vladimir Barbin (appointed in December 2018), also a member of Ushakov’s team. Previously, he was the Minister-Counsellor of the Russian Federation in Sweden, later he served as the Ambassador-at-Large for International Cooperation in the Arctic of the Russian Foreign Ministry. An important role in the Embassy is played by Military Attache Vladimir Matveev, Minister-Counselor Anna Knyazeva and Advisor for Bilateral Cooperation Alexei Naumov.

The Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

In the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU), the situation linked to Northern Europe is under the competence of the First (European Union), the Fifth (operational intelligence), the Seventh (NATO countries) and the Twelve-Bis (information warfare and information technology) Directorates.

According to reports, in 2017 the GRU increased the request for preparing specialists in the Norwegian and Danish languages ​who studies in the Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation​ by three units annually.

The Foreign Intelligence Service

In addition to semi-legal residents, this institution operates through an extensive network of emigrants, diplomats and business representatives. According to public data, Norway is the primary interest in this area. Some projects of the FIS are being developed under the mask of environmental programs. These, for example, include the Expert Center of the Project Office for the Development of the Arctic (PODA), working as a structural unit of the Environmental Fund of the Siberian Federal University (the chairman of the PODA centre is Boris Tarasov, and the executive director is Alexander Stotsky, who previously had a relationship with the activities of the Russian residency in Ukraine).

The Center for Environmental Consulting and Monitoring “Pomor” (Murmansk) also works closely with the FIS. Timofey Surovtsev, the head of the Center, does not hide the fact that his main task is to resist the negative coverage of environmental problems in Russia in the Norwegian media, as well as to establish relations with Norwegian environmentalists (an attempt of holding joint camps in the north of Norway was made in 2018).

The Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church traditionally has an extensive network of representatives in almost all European states. The Department for External Church Relations in the Russian Orthodox Church is headed by Metropolitan Anthony (Sevryuk) of Volokolamsk. Having inherited this post from Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeev), Anthony continues the approach of strict discipline, weekly reports from the clergy on the mood of the congregation and the main tendencies in the social life of the host countries. Since July 2022, serious changes have been made in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church, including the renewal of primates of foreign churches and parishes.

The jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church in Finland consists of 7 churches, connected in a deanery as part of the Patriarchal parishes of the Moscow Patriarchate.

In Norway, the representative office of the Russian Orthodox Church is headed by Archimandrite Kliment (Hukhtamäki), rector of the Church of St. Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga in the city of Oslo. Vladyka Kliment is 52 years-old ethnic Finn, who was born in a Lutheran family and at a mature age crossed over to Orthodoxy. He is fluent in Russian, English, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian and Greek. According to reports, the leadership of the Foreign Relations Department of the Russian Orthodox Church has a particularly worshipful attitude towards Clement.

The Primate of the Orthodox community of the city of Trondheim, Father Alexander (Volokhan) and the head of the Orthodox community in the city of Bergen, Father Dmitry (Ostashin) are in his compliance.

There is no full-fledged primate of the Russian Orthodox Church in Sweden since 2004. The representative of the Moscow Patriarchate in Finland Viktor (Lyutik) has been appointed as the temporary acting dean of the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church in Sweden. Archpriest Vitaly (Babushkin), the rector of the St. Sergius parish in the capital of Sweden, deals with the affairs of the church directly in Stockholm. The action plan of the ROC includes the establishment of a Scandinavian exarchate with a centre in Stockholm.

At the same time, several parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia operate in Sweden, which is not under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church. Since the 2000s, the rector of the Alexander Nevsky Church in Copenhagen, Archpriest Sergiy Plekhov, regularly visited the Serbian parish of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Malmö, where he performed church services in Church Slavonic. This resulted in the formation of a local community, which in 2017 began implementing the procedure of state registration of the parish in honour of the Kursk-Root Icon of the Mother of God. In 2018, Priest Ilya Shemyakin, a graduate of the Jordanville Seminary, was ordained for the parish.

In Denmark, the Russian Orthodox Church has a minor presence. In addition to the church of St. Alexander Nevsky in Copenhagen (rector – Father Sergei (Bondarev)), there are churches in Aarhus and Hobro, as well as a convent near Odense.

Chambers of Commerce and Industry

Business associations and chambers of commerce and industry are one of the most effective tools for lobbying Russian interests in Europe.

The Norwegian-Russian Chamber of Commerce (Executive Director – Jarle Forbord) unites about 140 Norwegian and Russian companies. Among its founders are Telenor, StatOil, Orcla Fuds, Acer Querner Contracting, Exportfinance, A-Pressen, the Norwegian Industrial Development Corporation, the State Fund for Industrial and Regional Development, the Norwegian Bank, and a number of Russian companies.

The Russian-Swedish Business Council is headed by Hans Westberg, President of the Ericsson Concern, Martin Lundstedt, President of the Volvo Group, and Vladimir Dmitriev, Vice President of the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. An important point: despite the sanctions against Russia were supported by the Swedish government, not a single Swedish company left the Russian market. The St. Petersburg Economic Forum, which took place in June 2019 was attended by the heads of several Swedish companies – ABB, AstraZeneca, Boule Diagnostics AB, East Capital, EF, Ericsson, Ferronordic Machines AB, Ingka Group (IKEA), Investor AB, Oriflame, Scania AB, SKF, Stena AB, Volvo Group and others.

Non-governmental organisations

Non-governmental organisations play an equally important role in promoting Russian interests in the Scandinavian countries. Among them, there are those directly or indirectly funded by the state, and those grown locally and financed by the diaspora, representatives of local businesses or by other types of donations and contributions.

Among the largest organisations operating in the Scandinavian countries, attention should be pointed to the Worldwide Compatriots Coordination Council (chaired by Mikhail Drozdov). The council was established in 2001. Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke at the Second Congress of the Council in 2002. According to unofficial data, the structure is completely controlled by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service and Yevgeny Primakov personally was an initiator of its creation.

In Sweden, the Compatriots Coordination Council is headed by Lyudmila Siegel. She also heads the Union of Russian Societies in Sweden, an organisation that is part of the Forum of Ethnic Organisations in Sweden. Also, Lyudmila Siegel is the head of the Russian-Swedish Cultural-Ecological Society “Ladya”, which organizes exhibitions, concerts, and tours of choirs from Russia. She coordinates joint projects with Russian societies in Uppsala and Gothenburg and the Mälardalsrådet Regional Council.

The Compatriots Coordination Council in Norway is headed by Zhanna Furynes. By her initiative, in 2007 the youth association “RuNo” was formed in Oslo. In April 2018, the Regional Conference of Russian compatriots from the Northern European and the Baltic Sea countries took place in Oslo. In the city of Bergen, a cultural and educational society “Compatriots” was created, led by Tatyana Dale, an employee of the regional administration of the Hordaland province. She also publishes the journal Rights of Compatriots in Northern Europe and the Baltic Sea.

The Coordinating Council of Compatriots in Denmark is headed by Svetlana Manizer.

For a deeper understanding of the system of such structures in Northern Europe, as well as for the analysis of the socio-economic and domestic political sphere, it is proposed to consider each country separately:

Finland

In Finland, Russians are the third largest nationality (after Finns and Swedes). As of 2020, their number was estimated at 84 thousand people, of which about 25 thousand people have dual citizenship (Finnish and Russian). In January-June 2013, Russian citizens were in first place in terms of the number of requests for a residence permit in Finland – 1832 people (from India – 951; China – 687).

Gennady Timchenko, a businessman and a close friend of Vladimir Putin is among representatives of the Russian elite that hold Finnish citizenship.

Mostly, Russian-speaking migrants are Ingrians from the Russian Federation and Estonia. In the spring of 1990, President Mauno Koivisto issued a special decree. According to it, Ingrians became considered “returnees”. This was legally reflected in Finnish law in 1993. The unregulated flow of returnees was restricted in 1996 by a law that clarified the criteria for Finnish origin. Later, a queue system was introduced, and knowledge of the Finnish language was required for advancement. Nowadays, the right to settle requires passing an exam test (based on the IPAKI system at a level not lower than A2).

The economic improvement in the Russian Federation and Estonia contributed to the fact that half of the Ingrians remained out of this queue. To obtain the right to reside, it is necessary to prove that the returnee himself, one of his parents or two grandparents are marked in the documents as Finns. Also, persons who were taken to Finland during the Second World War or served in the Finnish army can obtain a residence permit without any language tests. The number of Ingrians who entered Finland since the 1990s exceeds 25,000, but the number of those who entered during the first year is not known.

According to sociologists, about 20% of the Russian-speaking population of Finland is unemployed.

An important centre of Russian life in Finland is the Russian House in Helsinki, operating since 1977. It is a part of the “Rossotrudnichestvo” system. The heads of the Russian House are Pyotr Yakhmenev and Anastasia Miklina.

The largest association of the Russian diaspora in Finland is the Finnish Association of Russian-Speaking Societies (FARS), which unites 42 organisations. The Association draws the attention of official authorities and society to the issues of the Russian-speaking population of Finland, takes initiatives and comments, participates in the work of Finnish and international organisations that deal with immigration and ethnic minorities, and supports its member organisations in their activities by providing them with consulting assistance, arranges seminars, workshops, meetings, conducts informational and publishing activities. The association is headed by Natalia Nerman.

Fairly active work is carried out by the Vantaa Russian Club. It provides employment services for citizens, holds thematic events for pensioners and teenagers, and promotes the development of cultural initiatives of the Russian-speaking population. The club is run by Svetlana Chistyakova and Valery Komina.

There are certain organisational difficulties. Until the end of 2020, the Russian-language newspaper Spektr was published in Finland, which ceased its work on January 1, 2021, due to financial difficulties. Internet resources in Russian are mostly weak, and anaemic, publications appear irregularly.

The most popular resource for the Russian-speaking Finnish community is the “Finland in Russian” website.

Sweden

More than 100 thousand Russian-speaking migrants live in Sweden. Lyudmila Siegel, one of the activists in the Russian community, stated in an interview: “Many Russians and Russian-speaking residents of Sweden do not belong to any societies, diasporas. They are not even registered by the consulate. Who works with these people? With their children? And this is at least 80% of the total number of our compatriots in Sweden. They are left behind. State programs, like education, do not keep up with changes and the real world. There is no mobility, lightness, or understanding of the situation.” She also suggested: “It seems to me that we need a state program “I am proud that I am a Russian!” and a detailed action plan. But it should be implemented by non-systemic people. Consistency is good for reporting, but ineffective in reality.”

As a general matter, Sweden has the largest number of ethnic Russians (compared to Finland, Norway and Denmark). Therefore, more than 35 organisations, either focused on Russia or advocating the development of relations with Russia, are registered here. In addition to culturological societies, frankly political organisations also operate here, such as the Immortal Regiment (“Bessmertniy Polk”, headed by Irina Brosalin), the Ribbon of Saint George Association (headed by Oleg Mezhuev – the society, in particular, launched fundraising for residents of the self-proclaimed «DPR» and «LPR»). In addition to ethnic Russians, some Swedish pro-Russian organisations are led by ethnic Swedes – for example, Niklas Bennemark (SKRUV Society) or Barbra Chelkerud (Swedish-Russian Friendship Society). At the initiative of the Coordinating Council, the Russian-language portals “Ours in Sweden” and “Swedish Palm” were opened.

A Teen Club, which was created around Top Dans Studio, a dance school for Russian-speaking children, operates in Stockholm. Kids participated in international dance festivals and held 15 own concerts. Headed by Natalia Tsypkina.

A Russian Salon has been opened on Östermalm in Stockholm. It pays much attention to children who want to preserve the Russian language. Lyudmila Tourne manages this club.

Also, the following organisations operate in Sweden: the Compatriot Club, the Russian-Swedish Cultural Society in Gothenburg (chaired by Inna Khromova), the BERUS association, which represented Russia during the celebration of the 750th anniversary of Stockholm, the Foreign Policy Association at Stockholm University (Olga Sulina), the Russian House in Uppsala (Andrei Lakstigal, arranger of Kinorurik, the Russian film festivals), Swedish-Russian society SKRUV in Ystad, that facilitates contacts with Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The “Resurrection” Society, led by actress Irina Jonsson, arranges tours of famous artists but dreams of starting their own theatre.

Fun fact: in Sweden, there is a Russian-speaking Society of Anonymous Alcoholics (led by Yuri Babyuk).

The Russian-Swedish Internet is growing and developing. The first website in the Russian language was ryskweb.ru, launched by Alexander Dokukin, currently working on the stockholm.ru project. Later, the portal was replaced by two sites: “Ours in Sweden” (made by Slava Averkiev) and “Swedish Palma” (introduced by Pavel Mesolik, Mikhail Lyubarsky, Oliana Lionovskaya and Nikolai Romanov). It is possible to find there some information regarding concerts and gatherings, see photos, and chat on the forum. The authors of the Internet projects agreed to receive informational support from the Union of Russian-Speaking Societies in Sweden. Slava Averkiev undertook a commitment to launch a special “Russian Culture” forum to discuss the problems of creating a society of Russians. There is also an Orthodox website in Russian, the author of which is Dr Vitaly Koisin (www.orthodoxy.ru/sweden).

Activities of pro-Russian forces in Sweden are more tangible than in other Scandinavian countries. In 2016, there was a high-profile scandal regarding the disclosure of the activities of a journalist who emigrated from Russia and writes under five pseudonyms, the most famous of which are “Egor Putilov” and “Tobias Lagerfeld”. It is believed that a certain Alexander Friedbak is hiding behind these pseudonyms (there are suspicions that this is not his real name). Friedbak worked in the secretariat of the right-wing populist party Swedish Democrats.

This political party most of all acts as a Russia’s attorney (although in 2015, a youth wing aimed to cooperate with Russia and headed by William Khane separated from the party). The party’s statements show support for the Russian interpretation of the war in Donbas, calls to lift sanctions against Russia, supports anti-immigration slogans and theses on preventing Sweden from joining NATO.

Gustav Kasselstrand and Kent Eckeroth are among the most pro-Russian politicians in Sweden. Pro-Russian sentiments are also demonstrated by extreme right-wing political forces, neo-Nazis and skinheads.

The Russian-funded “Anti-Euromaidan-Sweden” organization, headed by Oleg Mezhuev, operates openly in Sweden.

After 2014, a significant part of the Russian liberal opposition found political asylum in Sweden. So did representatives of left-wing organisations, among which, according to several experts, there are agents of the Russian special services. In particular, such suspicions were raised in the media regarding Alexei Sakhnin, one of the leaders, who received asylum in Sweden.

Most of all Russia uses the Aftonbladet magazine to disseminate the necessary theses and definitions in Swedish society.

To a large extent, representatives of big business, who also have an influence on the government, are interested in cooperation between Sweden and Russia. Russia plans to influence the Swedish government to lift the sanctions through business and  “Swedish Democrats”. 

Our sources point attention to the activities of the investment fund East Capital (Stockholm), which is one of the largest lobbyists for Russian interests in Sweden. An interesting fact: Aivaras Abromavicius, the former Ukrainian Minister of Economy is a co-founder of the fund. He is considered to be close to businessman Nathaniel Rothschild, who, in turn, has recently demonstrated a common game with RAO Gazprom.

The Swedish mining company LKAB took part in the construction of the “Nord Stream 2”. The company’s products were transported through Norway to the port of Karlshamn and the island of Gotland. Swedish companies have earned about EUR 30 mln from logistics operations alone.

Norway

According to official statistics, in 2019 about 18,500 Russian-speaking immigrants lived in Norway/ Compared to 2000, this number has almost doubled. Every year, about 1,000 citizens of Russia and other CIS countries receive a Norwegian residence permit.

In the late 90s and early 2000s, most of the immigrants from Russia were natives of the North Caucasian republics, who applied to the Norwegian authorities for political asylum in connection with the “counter-terrorist operation” taking place in this area. After its ending, the situation significantly changed. Now, residents of the Kola Peninsula, which is located close to the border of the Russian Federation and Norway, relocate to Norway most often.

Nowadays, Russians can obtain the status of a permanent resident of Norway in three ways: by marrying a Norwegian citizen; employment at the country’s enterprises; or being admitted to a Norwegian university.

Close contact with Russian compatriots in Norway has the Arktikugol trust. It engaged in the development of coal deposits at Svalbard (Spitsbergen) island (they are mines “Barentsburg”, “Pyramid” and now closed “Grumant”). The trust sponsors the issuing of the “Russian Bulletin of Spitsbergen” and also allocates funds for the “Compatriot in Scandinavia” periodical.

The main information resource that allows Russians and Russian-speakers in Norway to coordinate their actions (including help in finding housing and work, training classes, etc.) is the “Russian Norway” Facebook group (https://www.facebook.com /groups/russkayanorvegia/), connecting over 7 thousand users.

Russia is concerned about the presence of NATO military bases in Norway and the possibility of their influence on the Russian and Chinese Arctic programs. Russian experts practically do not obscure the fact that environmental activities that criticise Norwegian Arctic programs (the impact on the number of polar bears, climate change, etc.) are mainly associated with the competition with Norway.

According to unverified information, Russia sponsors the environmental organisation Friends of the Earth Norway, which advocates the closure of several industrial facilities. In December 2019, environmentalists from this society brought about 4,500 people to a rally in support of the closure of the Nussir copper mine in northern Norway. This organisation has close ties to the Russian institution PORA, which is suspected of having ties with the Foreign Intelligence Service.

Given the fact that 67% of Norwegians consider Russia a source of potential military danger to their country, it is a thankless task to express pro-Russian sentiments in Norway. Recently, pro-Russian statements were publicly expressed by  Ragnhild Vassvik, a head of the provincial council of the Finnmark administrative-territorial unit (in an article for iFinnmark, she called for lifting the sanctions against Russia) and Georges Chabert, a professor of the Norwegian Institute of Natural and Technical Sciences in Trondheim (in December 2019, he proposed considering Norway’s withdrawal from NATO as existing Russia does not pose a danger to the world community).

Russia is actively working with the population of Norwegian northern territories, among the Saami, trying to oppose the north and south of Norway. The initial stake in the search for possible allies in the Green Party and the Progress Party did not work. The rest of the potential allies are too few and uninfluential – the bet on the leader of the Communists Runa Evensen brought no result, and all the political forces with which Russians tried to establish contact demonstrate a result of less than 1%.

Denmark

In its time, it was Denmark, where Yuri Ushakov and Sergei Ryabkov, the “anchors” of the current Russian diplomacy, started their diplomatic careers. The Danish Queen Margrethe was the first European crowned person (except for the Romanian King Mihai), who visited the USSR in 1974.

As of 2018, about 7,000 ethnic Russians and about 29,000 people from other republics of the former Soviet Union lived in Denmark.

There are about 20 organizations focused on the promotion of Russian culture, language and knowledge about Russia working in Denmark.

The Russian House (Russian Center for Science and Culture) in Copenhagen is headed by Diana Magad (she is also an adviser to the Embassy). The Russian House was opened in 2001 and is engaged in the development and promotion of Russian culture in Denmark. The Russian House includes educational sections, legal advice, an amateur theatre, and the “The Moon Shines” ensemble.

Another facility that connects Russian-speaking citizens is the “Russian Society” in Copenhagen, founded in 1998 and headed by Irina Ivanchenko-Jensen. The “Russian Society” is a member of the Coordinating Council of Compatriots.

In Denmark, Russia’s main political partner is the Danish People’s Party (led by Christian Tulesen Dahl). The party is represented by 16 deputies in the Folketing and 1 deputy in the European Parliament.

Most of the political actors in Denmark took the position of criticising Russia. In 2018, the Folketing tried to pass a law that would envisage criminal liability for pro-Russian positions and statements.

In 2019, Denmark was under precise attention: the construction of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline depended on its position. Journalist Jens Gyvsgaard explains Denmark’s position this way: “The problem was that we were under pressure from Russia and Germany, on the one hand, and the United States, on the other. The United States urged us not to grant permission, while Berlin and Moscow requested to allow it immediately. It was a very difficult decision because Germany and America are very close allies for Denmark, we are trading partners. Therefore, we took a decision – to give international waters between Denmark and Poland for the project. Since 1972, there have been disputes over which of the two countries this water area belongs to. Copenhagen requested studies regarding the possibility of paving the way in these waters. The Kremlin agreed and Denmark granted its permission for this route. We did this because these are international waters and because we are a small country, and we do not want to be punished either by Russia and Germany, on the one hand, or by the United States, on the other.

In the summer of 2019, US President Donald Trump offered to buy Greenland from Denmark, which led to intensifying anti-American sentiment in the country. This moment was used to lobby for permission to build a gas pipeline through the territorial waters of Denmark.

In March 2019, Danish politician and financier Klaus Risker Pedersen, in an interview with Altinget, said that it is more beneficial for Denmark to be friends with Russia than with the United States. “It is simply unprofitable for Denmark to be at enmity with Russia. We have been cooperating with the Russians for 400 years. This means that we must stop conflicting with the Russians. We need to expand cooperation with them. This whole story with Eastern Ukraine and Crimea does not concern Europe at all, it is none of our business,” – said the politician, a former member of the European Parliament. “Russia has never attacked Europe. They are our friends. We just have different views on how society should be organized. But just a difference of opinion does not make you enemies and does not force you to go to war with each other … Pursuing a policy like the current one is madness. It should’ve be changed a long time ago, I don’t doubt it for a second.”

More articles

1230 COMMENTS

  3. esidrix glucophage xr dosage However, please note if you block delete all cookies, some features of our websites, such as remembering your login details, or the site branding for your local newspaper may not function as a result lasix alternative

  4. It can stimulate each growth hormone and IGF-1 and improve their levels significantly.
    When we consider the possible unwanted effects of longer-term or high-dose HGH use, there’s little doubt that HGH is the
    riskier of the 2 to take. By taking GHRH in its pharmaceutical type,
    you get a extra even and regular release of HGH. This contrasts
    with the spike in HGH that can occur when taking pure exogenous growth
    hormone. Somatostatin, the expansion hormone inhibiting hormone peptide, prevents a blood sugar increase by inhibiting the discharge of HGH.
    This peptide will primarily decrease the consequences of HGH – downregulating its cell proliferation results.

    Drostan-E 200 is much-admired for its fats shedding property and
    skill to protect lean muscle mass during a cut. Proviron 25, meanwhile, attracts customers
    for its distinctive capacity to extend free testosterone levels, resulting in enhanced bodily performance.
    Alpha Pharma, a pharmaceutical model which is thought globally by
    not just bodybuilders however anybody on the lookout for
    strategies of performance enhancement.
    As A Result Of the body’s HGH ranges naturally decrease with
    age, some so-called anti-aging consultants have claimed that HGH products might reverse the age-related
    decline of the body. While the anti-aging effects of HGH are nonetheless beneath study, many imagine it can scale back indicators of
    aging by promoting collagen production and enhancing skin elasticity.
    Some people report improved pores and skin tone and reduced wrinkles when using HGH as part of cosmetic remedies.
    100 percent pure, protected, & authorized steroid options to Clenbuterol, HGH,
    Anadrol, and extra. Since 2016 the team
    behind Anabolicstore.to has supplied top quality lab tested steroids for fitness fanatics
    throughout the globe. Anybody can take HGH injections to enhance their well being,
    body structure, and metabolism. That being mentioned, it is rather essential
    for anyone to first have a detailed dialog with a licensed health skilled earlier than they
    start their HGH cycle.
    So, ensure you maintain these items in thoughts after shopping
    for HGH in USA. It should be acknowledged that certified medical doctors
    should administer HGH therapy. In other classes or with relevant health issues,
    such individuals have to discuss the choices in detail with an endocrinologist or a hormone therapy-emphasizing doctor.
    In The End, screening and consideration of the patient’s well being status ought to be carried out earlier than any initiation of HGH remedy.

    When a healthcare skilled is concerned, the proper model and one of the best dosage for an individual can be selected.
    Additionally, you must take a novel dosage of HGH depending on your goals.

    If you wish to have a greater thought of which dosage is
    appropriate for you, we suggest you speak to a medical skilled.

    At Authorized Roids Shop, we’re devoted to providing you with the very best
    high quality services that can help you obtain your fitness objectives.
    Visit our web site to be taught extra and to buy the most effective dietary supplements on-line, similar to Cytomel T3, and extra.
    You can simply purchase steroids on-line from RoidFarm and enjoy
    our top quality and service. We are dedicated and committed to help you attain your health goals safely as properly as efficiently.
    Navigating the world of oral steroids requires an consciousness of their potential unwanted side effects and strategies
    to mitigate any antagonistic impacts. Paying
    close consideration to your well being and well-being is paramount.

    Over time, having detailed information of your progress can give you a extra tangible sense of how far you’ve come and the
    way close you are to reaching your targets. It’s OK if you
    really feel overwhelmed by how a lot time and thought you have to put into bulking up or if you’re not seeing the results you want.
    A constant, challenging routine will show you significantly better outcomes than taking steroids and overworking your muscles.
    As with other OTC supplements, look out for additional components that can trigger
    allergic reactions or long-term well being results.
    Our loyal clients can reap the advantages of further specials, including particular supply discounts of
    up to 50%. Once I positioned my very first order with these guys, I
    got the bundle delivered inside 2 weeks.
    Progress hormone is very useful for skilled steroid customers who have achieved a high degree of physique enhancement and where further
    development or progress appears to have come to a halt using steroids.
    The addition of HGH can propel the superior bodybuilder past present
    limits when used in mixture with highly effective steroids.
    With delivery obtainable throughout the USA, we’ll guarantee your
    package deal arrive promptly at your step,
    every time. We provide fast and secure supply
    of steroids all through the Usa.
    This implies that steroids taken orally aren’t as bioavailable as
    injected drugs, nevertheless it also implies that they kick in and go
    away the body faster. Nevertheless, some athletes and bodybuilders illegally use
    these steroids to spice up muscle mass or efficiency.
    The California Muscles staff makes sure we have everything lined.
    To turn out to be really advanced in this game, you should experiment with sure
    drugs at completely different physique fats ranges.
    Every Time we’d like any additional companies, like discovering new
    brands or products we have never examined earlier than, we all know that these guys
    will strive their finest to get them in inventory and get them delivered to
    us. Safety-wise, authorized steroid shop, fineart.sk, options are typically formulated utilizing natural ingredients that
    are deemed secure for consumption.

  5. In illnesses like bronchial asthma these are given by tablet, injection or via inhaler.

    Corticosteroids are among the many many forms of medicines available for the treatment of
    allergy symptoms. Nonetheless, they aren’t used to deal with
    all circumstances of allergic asthma. They’re synthetic (human-made) medication which would possibly be
    much like cortisol, a hormone your body naturally produces.
    Corticosteroids have an identical anti-inflammatory effect
    all through your body, however in a way your supplier can change
    and adjust to fit your wants. Corticosteroids (also known as
    glucocorticoids or steroids) are prescription medicines that cut back inflammation in your physique.

    Conversely, not utilizing sufficient topical steroid or utilizing very small quantities
    constantly typically ends in it not working so well
    and maybe extra being used in the long-term.
    When it comes to steroids, nevertheless, that description is solely one piece
    of the equation. There are literally multiple courses of steroids, together with
    anabolic steroids and corticosteroids, which have different makes use of, side
    effects, and performance-enhancing qualities.
    These can be found as hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone (Cortenema).

    They’re helpful for inflammation higher up in your gut that
    can’t be reached by suppositories.
    Steroid injections, delivered to the realm surrounding the affected bursa, both ease pain and reduce irritation. Sciatica is a painful
    situation that develops when something, such as a bulging, or herniated, spinal disk, presses in opposition to a
    nerve root in your backbone. This triggers ache and
    irritation in your sciatic nerve, which stretches out of your
    butt down both of your legs.
    It is commonly prescribed to patients suffering
    from bone pain due to osteoporosis and people needing to achieve weight quickly (as a consequence of trauma, an infection, or surgery).
    Anabolic steroids are also illegal until utilized by a doctor in a strict medical setting.
    This is due to AAS having the potential to cause dangerous unwanted aspect effects in users.

    For non-prescription products, learn the label or package deal ingredients fastidiously.
    The care supplier may also spray a medication that numbs an space the place the needle will be inserted.
    In some cases, the care supplier makes use of an ultrasound or a type of X-ray referred
    to as fluoroscopy to see the needle’s progress contained in the body — in order to place it in the best spot.
    Cortisone pictures are injections that may assist relieve pain, swelling and irritation in a particular space of your
    body.
    The DEA stories the steroids could heighten levels
    of cholesterol, which may result in stroke, coronary heart attack, or coronary artery illness.

    They may also be prescribed to assist folks acquire weight after
    sickness, harm, or an infection, or to those who have trouble gaining weight for unknown reasons,
    in accordance with the Mayo Clinic. Different PEDs include
    stimulants, beta-blockers, diuretics, testosterone, erythropoietin (EPO), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG),
    and human growth hormone (HGH).
    Numerous steps involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.
    People who had a stroke one to seven years before the research have
    been assigned to one of two groups. The first did traditional rehabilitation workouts while the other performed video games on Xbox 360,
    PlayStation 3 and Nintendo Wii. For stroke victims, restoration is usually
    a long and even unimaginable course of. Seeking a more reasonably priced and efficient approach to restoring speech and motion after a stroke, Debbie Rand of Tel Aviv University turned to video
    games.
    No content on this site, no matter date, should
    ever be used as an different to direct medical recommendation from your doctor or
    different certified clinician. Once the cortisone injection finds its goal, the numbing
    effect will begin to wear off inside hours. “As the numbing agent wears off, the ache may temporarily come back,” Dr.
    Shmerling says. “Then 24 to forty eight hours after the injection, you can start to anticipate whatever profit you’re going to get.” Also, avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice as a outcome of they will make steroids less efficient.
    These medicine enhance and limit their absorption in your rectum and the
    colon. In this publish, you’ll learn how to spot secure and reliable
    online steroid shops.
    Their only downside is that they won’t naturally enhance your
    T-levels past your genetic and age capability. For example, a 30-year-old man won’t
    have his testosterone boosted past the typical degree for his age group.
    On the plus aspect, these dietary supplements don’t carry any unfavorable side effects.
    Whereas steroids have respectable medical functions and could be beneficial in certain contexts, their
    misuse comes with a range of significant side effects. Our readers also wants to pay attention to the potential dangers of taking buy steroids in us (Mallory), especially when not underneath the supervision of a medical physician and utilizing
    underground lab products. Additionally, completely different steroids
    have totally different reward/risk ratios; thus, one steroid, such as Anadrol, could also be high-risk in regard
    to unwanted aspect effects.
    Their composition and use are entirely unregulated, including to the hazards they pose.
    As it’s not legal for athletic purposes, there isn’t a legal management over the
    standard or use of drugs offered for this function. Docs additionally prescribe testosterone for a number of hormone-related conditions, corresponding to
    hypogonadism. AASs journey via the bloodstream to the muscle tissue, where they bind to an androgen receptor.
    The drug can subsequently work together with the cell’s
    DNA and stimulate the protein synthesis process that promotes
    cell development. Some folks use AASs repeatedly, but others try to reduce their potential adverse results
    via completely different patterns of use.

  7. Ein Casino im Internet ist eine plattform, auf der glücksspielbegeisterte
    verschiedene spiele wie spielautomaten und pokerspiele genießen können. Egal,
    ob Siee eein Anfänger, Online-Casinos bieten eine breite auswahl für alle arrten von spielern.

    Die meisten online-casinos bieten willkommensboni, um neue spieler
    zu gewinnen. Zusätzlich können loyalitätssysteme den Spielern zusätzliche anreize schaffen.

    Transaktionen in online-casinos sind sicher, mit optionen wie e-wallets, die sichere transaktionen ermöglichen. Sicherheit und
    fairness sind in guten casinos garantiert.

    Die welt der online-casinos ist aufregend für spieler,
    die viel spaß beim glücksspiel haben. https://de.trustpilot.com/review/nine-onlinecasino.top

  8. Ein Online-Glücksspielanbieter ist eine webseite, auuf der
    glücksspielbegeisterte verschiedene glücksspielmöglichkeiten wie spielautomaten und roulette genießen können. Ob Sie ein erfahrener spieler sind, Online-Casinos biete unzählige möglichkeiten für jeden geschmack.

    Viele pattformen bieten free spins, um spieler zuu motivieren. Zusätzlich können wiederkehrende boni den Spielern weitere vorteile bieten.

    Transaktionen in online-casinos sind sicher, mit optionen wiee banküberweisungen, ddie einfgache abhebungen ermöglichen. Gute casinos ieten faire spiele und sichere zahlungen.

    Online-casinos bieten unterhaltung für spieler, die viel spaß beim
    glücksspiel haben. https://de.trustpilot.com/review/wizebetsonlinecasino.top

  9. Einn Online-Glücksspielanbieter ist eine webseite, auf der spieler verschiedene casino-spiele wiie slots
    und roulette genießen können. Egal, ob Sie ein Anfänger, Online-Casinos bieten eine breite auswahl für
    alle arten von spielern.

    Jedes gute casino bietet attraktive bonusangebote, um neue
    spieler zu gewinnen. Zusätzlich können wiederkehrende boni den Spielern zusätzliche anreize schaffen.

    Bezahlmethoden sind in online-casinos geschützt, mit optionen wie
    e-wallets, die sichere transaktionen ermöglichen. Gute casinos bieten faire spiele und
    sichere zahlungen.

    Online-casinos bieten unterhaltung für spieler, die bequem zu hause
    spielen möchten. https://de.trustpilot.com/review/bet3000.bestescasino.biz

  10. Ein Online-Glücksspielanbieter ist eine webseite, auf der nutzer verschiiedene casino-spiele wie slots unnd karten genießen können. Egal, ob Sie
    ein Anfänger, Online-Casinos bieten unzählige möglichkeiten für alle arten von spielern.

    Vieke plattformen bieten free spins, um neukunden zu belohnen. Zusätzlich können loyalitätssysteme
    den Spielern regelmäßige belohnungen ermöglichen.

    Transaktionen in online-casinos sid sicher, mit optionen wie e-wallets, die einfache abhebungen ermöglichen. Guute casinos bieten faire spiele und sichere zahlungen.

    Spiedlen im online-casino macht spaß für spieler, die auf der suche nach großen gewknnen sind. https://de.trustpilot.com/review/cadoola.onlinecasino24.biz

  147. Популярный kraken market darknet имеет развитую витрину топовых магазинов с верифицированными продавцами и специальными бейджами качества обслуживания.

  164. Free video chat emerald stranger chat find people from all over the world in seconds. Anonymous, no registration or SMS required. A convenient alternative to Omegle: minimal settings, maximum live communication right in your browser, at home or on the go, without unnecessary ads.

  185. Анонимный kraken сайт не требует email или телефона при регистрации, запрашивая только уникальный логин и надежный пароль из двенадцати символов.

  188. Uwielbiasz hazard? nv casino: rzetelne oceny kasyn, weryfikacja licencji oraz wybor bonusow i promocji dla nowych i powracajacych graczy. Szczegolowe recenzje, porownanie warunkow i rekomendacje dotyczace odpowiedzialnej gry.

  355. Has anybody tried safe Mexican pharmacies. I ran into a decent blog that ranks affordable options: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# mexico pharmacy price list. Looks legit.

  356. п»їRecently, I discovered an interesting report regarding buying affordable antibiotics. It explains WHO-GMP protocols when buying antibiotics. If you are looking for Trusted Indian sources, go here: п»їtop online pharmacy india. Cheers.

  357. п»їJust now, I found an interesting resource concerning generic pills from India. It details how to save money when buying antibiotics. If anyone wants Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# Online medicine home delivery. It helped me.

  358. Has anybody tried getting antibiotics without prescription. I discovered a good blog that lists best pharmacies: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# mexico pharmacy online. Check it out.

  361. п»їTo be honest, I came across an interesting guide regarding ordering meds from India. The site discusses how to save money for ED medication. If anyone wants cheaper alternatives, check this out: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Good info.

  362. Stop overpaying and save money on prescriptions, I recommend checking this resource. It reveals where to buy cheap. Discounted options available here: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# online pharmacies in mexico.

  363. п»їRecently, I stumbled upon a great page concerning cheap Indian generics. It explains CDSCO regulations for generic meds. For those interested in Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їthis site. It helped me.

  366. п»їJust now, I found a great page about buying affordable antibiotics. It details how to save money when buying antibiotics. For those interested in Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Worth a read.

  368. п»їTo be honest, I found a useful page regarding Indian Pharmacy exports. The site discusses CDSCO regulations for ED medication. In case you need cheaper alternatives, go here: п»їreading. Cheers.

  369. п»їLately, I came across an interesting guide regarding cheap Indian generics. It covers WHO-GMP protocols for ED medication. For those interested in reliable shipping to USA, go here: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Cheers.

  370. Heads up, a helpful overview on buying meds safely. It explains quality control for antibiotics. You can read it here: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# mexican pharmacy menu.

  372. п»їActually, I stumbled upon a useful page concerning ordering meds from India. It explains the manufacturing standards for generic meds. For those interested in reliable shipping to USA, visit this link: п»їtop 10 pharmacies in india. Worth a read.

  373. п»їLately, I discovered an informative resource regarding ordering meds from India. The site discusses the manufacturing standards on prescriptions. For those interested in factory prices, read this: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# reputable indian online pharmacy. Hope it helps.

  375. La teoría de Let Them ofrece una perspectiva refrescante sobre el control. Busca la edición en español y el formato PDF completo para profundizar. Al internalizar estos conceptos, te volverás inmune a las provocaciones y encontrarás una estabilidad emocional que te permitirá enfrentar cualquier reto con serenidad. https://lateorialetthem.top/ Let Them Theory Español Pdf Gratis

  377. п»їJust now, I found an interesting report concerning ordering meds from India. It details how to save money for ED medication. For those interested in Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Might be useful.

  380. Just wanted to share, an official guide on cross-border shipping rules. The author describes how to avoid scams for generics. Source: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# pharmacy online.

  381. п»їRecently, I stumbled upon an informative page about buying affordable antibiotics. It covers the manufacturing standards when buying antibiotics. For those interested in cheaper alternatives, check this out: п»їreading. Might be useful.

  382. Para quienes desean sanar sus relaciones y evitar conflictos innecesarios, estudiar la teoría de Let Them es un gran paso. Disponemos de información detallada en español, ideal para quienes buscan el texto completo. Descubre cómo esta mentalidad de desapego puede transformar tu ansiedad en calma y devolverte el control de tu vida. https://lateorialetthem.top/ La Teoria Let Them Libro Pdf

  387. Si buscas una transformación real, prueba la teoría de Let Them. El texto en español y completo es el primer paso. No es solo una teoría, es una práctica diaria que reconfigura tu cerebro para buscar la paz en lugar del conflicto y la aceptación en lugar de la resistencia. https://lateorialetthem.top/ La Teoría De Let Them En Español Pdf

  389. п»їActually, I stumbled upon an interesting article about ordering meds from Mexico. It explains the safety protocols for ED medication. In case you need reliable shipping to USA, take a look: п»їread more. Cheers.

  397. Sunrise on the Reaping offers Suzanne Collins’ most emotional narrative yet in the Hunger Games universe through Haymitch’s tragic journey. This PDF prequel follows his impossible choices during the fiftieth Games. Discover what made him drink. Download free instantly without any registration today. https://sunriseonthereapingpdf.top/ Sunrise On The Reaping Pdf Free Online

  399. п»їActually, I came across an informative guide about cheap Indian generics. It details CDSCO regulations when buying antibiotics. In case you need Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Worth a read.

  403. Sunrise on the Reaping PDF uncovers the truth behind literature’s most fascinating mentor through his heartbreaking origin story. Suzanne Collins masterfully crafts this prequel about the fiftieth Games. Witness his emotional journey. Free instant download available with no registration needed today. https://sunriseonthereapingpdf.top/ How Old Is Haymitch In Sunrise On The Reaping

  406. п»їJust now, I stumbled upon an interesting page regarding generic pills from India. The site discusses the manufacturing standards for ED medication. If you are looking for reliable shipping to USA, visit this link: п»їkisawyer.us.com. It helped me.

  408. п»їTo be honest, I found an informative guide regarding ordering meds from India. It explains WHO-GMP protocols for ED medication. If you are looking for factory prices, check this out: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Good info.

  409. If you want to save on pharmacy costs, I suggest reading this report. It reveals prices for generics. Good deals available here: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# pharmacy mexico city.

  413. п»їTo be honest, I found an informative resource concerning ordering meds from India. It explains how to save money for generic meds. If you are looking for Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їcheck here. It helped me.

  419. п»їJust now, I discovered a great resource concerning generic pills from India. The site discusses how to save money when buying antibiotics. If you are looking for factory prices, check this out: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# best online pharmacy india. Good info.

  420. For those looking to save on pharmacy costs, you should try visiting this page. The site explains where to buy cheap. Good deals at this link: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# mexico pharmacy.

  421. п»їTo be honest, I discovered an informative page concerning cheap Indian generics. It covers how to save money when buying antibiotics. If anyone wants cheaper alternatives, take a look: п»їindia pharmacy. Hope it helps.

  423. Gain a fresh perspective with the Charlie Method. This PDF details a unique approach to overcoming common challenges. It is an inspiring read that offers practical solutions. Download the guide today to equip yourself with new tools and strategies that can help you navigate difficulties with greater ease. https://thecharliemethodpdf.site/ The Charlie Method Similar Books

  428. Si vous aimez les histoires qui vous retournent le cerveau, ce roman est votre prochain coup de cœur. Disponible en format électronique, il offre une plongée terrifiante dans le quotidien d’une employée de maison. Ne manquez pas cette opportunité de lire une œuvre marquante qui ne vous laissera pas indemne. https://lafemmedemenagepdf.site/ Roman La Femme De Ménage Pdf Gratuit

  429. п»їActually, I found a useful guide regarding ordering meds from India. The site discusses the manufacturing standards for ED medication. If you are looking for factory prices, check this out: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# indian pharmacy. Worth a read.

  430. п»їJust now, I came across a great page about buying affordable antibiotics. It explains FDA equivalents for ED medication. If anyone wants affordable options, go here: п»їUpstate Medical. Worth a read.

  431. п»їRecently, I discovered a useful page concerning Indian Pharmacy exports. It covers how to save money on prescriptions. If anyone wants factory prices, go here: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# top 10 online pharmacy in india. Good info.

  433. Vivez une aventure émotionnelle forte avec ce roman disponible en téléchargement sécurisé. Ce livre numérique vous accompagne partout, transformant chaque attente en moment de lecture. Une romance poignante qui a su toucher le cœur de millions de lecteurs. https://atoutjamaispdf.site/ À Tout Jamais, Une Histoire De Cendrillon

  434. Rejoignez les lecteurs passionnés par ce thriller psychologique en obtenant votre exemplaire numérique. L’histoire est prenante, les personnages complexes et le dénouement imprévisible. Téléchargez ce fichier pour vivre une expérience de lecture intense et découvrir ce qui se passe vraiment lorsque les lumières s’éteignent. https://lafemmedemenagepdf.site/ La Femme De Ménage Voit Tout

  439. Voyagez de planète en planète et rencontrez des personnages hauts en couleur. Le format ebook est parfait pour suivre ce périple. Le fichier Le Petit Prince PDF est léger à télécharger mais lourd de sens, apportant une réflexion profonde sur notre société et nos comportements. https://lepetitprincepdf.site/ Le Petit Prince Pdf In English

  440. Ce best-seller est une plongée en apnée dans l’angoisse, disponible en version électronique. L’histoire de cette femme de ménage est inoubliable. Profitez de ce téléchargement pour découvrir un suspense maîtrisé de bout en bout et comprendre pourquoi ce livre est devenu un phénomène mondial incontournable. https://lafemmedemenagepdf.site/ La Femme De Ménage Pdf Iphone

  442. Rejoignez les millions de lecteurs conquis par ce livre en optant pour sa version électronique. Ce PDF vous offre un accès immédiat à une histoire riche en émotions. Un récit poignant sur l’amour et le destin, à ajouter d’urgence à votre bibliothèque numérique. https://atoutjamaispdf.site/ Télécharger À Tout Jamais Colleen Hoover

  444. Le suspense est maître dans ce récit sombre et envoûtant disponible en version électronique. Suivez le quotidien oppressant d’une domestique dans une maison où rien n’est normal. Obtenez le fichier PDF pour une lecture immersive qui vous fera douter de chaque personnage jusqu’à la révélation finale. https://lafemmedemenagepdf.site/ Qui A Écrit La Femme De Ménage

  445. Offrez-vous le plaisir de lire ce best-seller international grâce à notre version numérique complète. Ce livre électronique est conçu pour vous accompagner partout, léger et pratique. Une intrigue émotionnelle forte qui vous tiendra en haleine jusqu’à la toute dernière page. https://atoutjamaispdf.site/ Livre À Tout Jamais Colleen Hoover Gratuit

  447. À la recherche d’un bon polar pour vos soirées ? Ce roman, racontant l’histoire d’une domestique aux lourds secrets, est disponible en téléchargement immédiat. Ne manquez pas l’opportunité de lire l’un des meilleurs thrillers de l’année, accessible facilement pour satisfaire votre soif de suspense et de mystère. https://lafemmedemenagepdf.site/ Qui A Écrit La Femme De Ménage

  449. Le style de Stendhal, sec et rapide, sert parfaitement le propos de son roman sur l’énergie et la volonté. C’est un modèle de littérature réaliste. Télécharger ce livre en format numérique, c’est faire le choix de la culture à portée de main, une bibliothèque classique disponible instantanément sur votre appareil. https://lerougeetlenoirpdf.site/ Le Rouge Et Le Noir Fiche De Lecture Pdf

  452. п»їLately, I came across a helpful resource about generic pills from India. The site discusses how to save money for generic meds. In case you need factory prices, visit this link: п»їtop 10 pharmacies in india. Hope it helps.

  455. п»їActually, I came across a great resource regarding ordering meds from India. The site discusses CDSCO regulations on prescriptions. In case you need Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# top 10 online pharmacy in india. Might be useful.

  457. п»їJust now, I discovered a great page regarding ordering meds from India. It explains CDSCO regulations on prescriptions. If you are looking for cheaper alternatives, visit this link: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# Online medicine home delivery. Cheers.

  458. п»їLately, I discovered an interesting resource about Indian Pharmacy exports. The site discusses CDSCO regulations for generic meds. In case you need factory prices, read this: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Might be useful.

  459. Stendhal a su capter l’essence d’une époque de transition, entre Révolution et conservatisme. C’est un témoignage unique. Le format pdf assure la pérennité de ce témoignage, le mettant à l’abri de l’usure du temps et du papier, pour le transmettre intact aux futures générations de lecteurs. https://lerougeetlenoirpdf.site/ Le Rouge Et Le Noir Résumé Par Chapitre

  461. Does anyone know getting antibiotics without prescription. I found a good blog that ranks safe places: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# mexico pharmacy online. Looks legit.

  462. п»їRecently, I discovered an informative article concerning generic pills availability. It explains the safety protocols on prescriptions. In case you need Trusted pharmacy sources, take a look: п»їread more. Hope it helps.

  463. Retrouvez l’intégralité de ce témoignage poignant sur votre support de lecture favori. Ce livre numérique est une porte d’entrée vers l’univers intime de l’auteure. Ne passez pas à côté de cette œuvre où le cœur se livre sans fard, racontant les joies simples et les peines profondes de l’enfance. https://lecoeurarireetapleurerpdf.site/ Maryse Condé Le Cœur À Rire Et À Pleurer Telecharger

  464. Ce roman est bien plus qu’une simple histoire d’amour, c’est une satire sociale d’une grande finesse. Le regard de Stendhal sur son époque est sans concession. En choisissant le format pdf pour lire le rouge et le noir, vous optez pour la modernité au service de la tradition littéraire classique. https://lerougeetlenoirpdf.site/ Le Rouge Et Le Noir Stendhal Texte

  466. Pour ceux qui aiment annoter leurs lectures ou surligner les passages marquants, le format numérique est particulièrement indiqué. Le fichier Bonjour Tristesse PDF vous permet d’interagir avec le texte de Sagan, facilitant ainsi l’étude des thèmes majeurs comme l’adieu à l’enfance et la découverte de la solitude. https://bonjourtristessepdf.site/ Bonjour Tristesse Sagan Lire En Ligne

  469. La modernité du ton de Sagan surprend encore aujourd’hui, rendant ce livre incroyablement accessible et pertinent. Profitez de cette œuvre majeure en version Bonjour Tristesse PDF pour enrichir votre bibliothèque virtuelle et partager ce plaisir de lecture avec ceux qui apprécient les histoires fortes et bien écrites. https://bonjourtristessepdf.site/ Lire Bonjour Tristesse Pdf

  470. п»їTo be honest, I stumbled upon an informative article regarding Indian Pharmacy exports. It details the manufacturing standards on prescriptions. In case you need Trusted Indian sources, take a look: п»їclick to read. Might be useful.

  471. Laissez-vous emporter par la prose incisive de Stendhal et son héros au destin fulgurant et tragique. Lire ce chef-d’œuvre sur un support moderne permet d’apprécier chaque nuance du texte. Le format pdf est particulièrement adapté pour ceux qui aiment annoter leurs lectures ou rechercher des passages spécifiques dans le rouge et le noir. https://lerougeetlenoirpdf.site/ Téléchargement Livre Stendhal

  473. Offrez-vous ce voyage littéraire exceptionnel en téléchargeant le fichier compatible avec toutes vos applications de lecture. Tout le bleu du ciel de Melissa Da Costa est une œuvre qui résonne longtemps après la dernière page, et ce format pratique vous permet de l’emporter partout avec vous. https://toutlebleuducielpdf.site/ Epub Tout Le Bleu Du Ciel Gratuit

  475. L’histoire d’un adieu à l’enfance qui se fait dans la douleur et la culpabilité. Partagez ce moment poignant avec Cécile en téléchargeant le fichier Bonjour Tristesse PDF, et vivez avec elle cette transition brutale vers le monde des adultes, racontée avec une sensibilité exquise. https://bonjourtristessepdf.site/ Bonjour Tristesse Pdf Francais

  476. Stendhal nous livre ici une analyse psychologique qui préfigure les grandes œuvres modernes. C’est un livre qu’on relit avec plaisir à différents âges de la vie. La version numérique permet de redécouvrir ce texte sous un nouveau jour, avec la clarté et le confort qu’offre la lecture sur écran haute définition. https://lerougeetlenoirpdf.site/ A Quelle Epoque Se Deroule Le Rouge Et Le Noir

  479. Laissez-vous séduire par l’écriture fluide et l’intelligence vive qui se dégagent de ce roman mythique. En optant pour le téléchargement du fichier Bonjour Tristesse PDF, vous choisissez l’excellence littéraire combinée à la facilité d’usage du numérique, pour une expérience de lecture enrichissante et sans contrainte. https://bonjourtristessepdf.site/ Bonjour Tristesse Pdf Download

  480. п»їTo be honest, I discovered a useful article regarding ordering meds from India. The site discusses CDSCO regulations on prescriptions. In case you need factory prices, take a look: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# pharmacy website india. Hope it helps.

  481. п»їActually, I came across a great page concerning ordering meds from India. It details the manufacturing standards on prescriptions. If you are looking for factory prices, check this out: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Worth a read.

  494. п»їLately, I found an informative resource regarding buying affordable antibiotics. It explains how to save money for ED medication. If you are looking for cheaper alternatives, check this out: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# Online medicine order. Cheers.

  496. п»їLately, I stumbled upon a helpful article about ordering meds from India. It covers WHO-GMP protocols for generic meds. In case you need Trusted Indian sources, read this: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Good info.

  497. To save cash on meds, I suggest reading this page. The site explains shipping costs. Good deals at this link: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# pharmacies in mexico that ship to the us.

  500. п»їJust now, I stumbled upon an interesting guide regarding generic pills from India. It covers how to save money on prescriptions. If you are looking for cheaper alternatives, take a look: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# pharmacy website india. Cheers.

  504. п»їRecently, I stumbled upon a useful article about buying affordable antibiotics. It explains how to save money on prescriptions. For those interested in factory prices, check this out: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Might be useful.

  505. Suchen Sie nach einer inspirierenden Lektüre für zwischendurch? Die kurzen und prägnanten Märchen eignen sich perfekt für kleine Lesepausen. Haben Sie eine Grimms Märchen PDF auf Ihrem Handy gespeichert, können Sie jede Wartezeit mit einer spannenden Geschichte aus dem deutschen Märchenwald überbrücken. https://grimmsmarchenpdf.site/ Grimms Fairy Tales Illustrated Pdf

  509. п»їActually, I stumbled upon an informative guide concerning cheap Indian generics. It covers WHO-GMP protocols for generic meds. If anyone wants reliable shipping to USA, go here: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# cheapest online pharmacy india. Cheers.

  512. п»їRecently, I discovered a great article regarding buying affordable antibiotics. It details the safety protocols for generic meds. In case you need reliable shipping to USA, check this out: п»їhere. Good info.

  514. п»їActually, I stumbled upon a useful guide concerning ordering meds from India. It details CDSCO regulations for generic meds. In case you need Trusted Indian sources, take a look: п»їindian pharmacy. Good info.

  515. п»їTo be honest, I discovered a great guide regarding buying affordable antibiotics. It covers CDSCO regulations for generic meds. If anyone wants factory prices, visit this link: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# reputable indian online pharmacy. Might be useful.

  519. п»їJust now, I stumbled upon a great report concerning generic pills from India. The site discusses CDSCO regulations for generic meds. If you are looking for factory prices, read this: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# online pharmacy india. Might be useful.

  526. Stop overpaying and save on pharmacy costs, I recommend checking this resource. It reveals trusted Mexican pharmacies. Best prices at this link: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# mexican farmacia.

  527. п»їJust now, I came across an informative page regarding buying affordable antibiotics. It details CDSCO regulations on prescriptions. In case you need reliable shipping to USA, visit this link: п»їkisawyer.us.com. Worth a read.

  533. п»їRecently, I discovered a great resource about buying affordable antibiotics. It explains CDSCO regulations on prescriptions. For those interested in factory prices, check this out: п»їhttps://kisawyer.us.com/# world pharmacy india. Worth a read.

  542. Just wanted to share, an important overview on cross-border shipping rules. It explains quality control for ED meds. Source: п»їhttps://polkcity.us.com/# reputable mexican pharmacy.

  547. The Bluebird Gold PDF provides a deep dive into the world of precious metals. This guide offers the clarity and data needed to understand market forces. Download this essential resource today and start making better, more informed investment choices for your long-term financial future. https://bluebirdgoldpdf.site/ Bluebird Gold Devney Perry Fans

  597. п»їTo be honest, I had to find Doxycycline urgently and came across Antibiotics Express. It allows you to purchase generics online securely. If you have a bacterial infection, try here. Overnight shipping guaranteed. Link: safe antibiotics for purchase. Highly recommended.

  601. п»їTo be honest, I had to find Doxycycline urgently and came across Antibiotics Express. It allows you to buy antibiotics without a prescription legally. For treating a toothache, I recommend this site. Fast shipping guaranteed. Go here: https://antibioticsexpress.com/#. Hope you feel better.

  607. To be honest, I had to find anti-parasitic meds pills and came across Ivermectin Express. They sell human grade meds without a prescription. For treating parasites quickly, this is the best place: Ivermectin Express pharmacy. Safe and secure

  613. п»їRecently, I needed Ciprofloxacin fast and stumbled upon a great source. It allows you to get treatment fast legally. If you have UTI, check this shop. Express delivery to USA. Visit here: purchase zithromax. Cheers.

  629. Greetings! I found an awesome online drugstore to buy medications cheaply. Pharmiexpress offers huge discounts on Rx drugs. For fast service, check it out: read more. Cheers.

  652. п»їTo be honest, I needed Zithromax urgently and came across a great source. You can get treatment fast safely. In case of sinusitis, I recommend this site. Express delivery available. More info: antibioticsexpress.com. Good luck.

  656. Recently, I wanted to buy anti-parasitic meds pills and discovered Ivermectin Express. They sell human grade meds delivered fast. If you need to treat parasites quickly, this is the best place: official store. Safe and secure

  660. п»їRecently, I needed Doxycycline fast and discovered a great source. You can get treatment fast safely. If you have a toothache, check this shop. Overnight shipping available. Link: Antibiotics Express Store. Highly recommended.

  679. п»їJust now, I needed Doxycycline urgently and discovered a reliable pharmacy. It allows you to purchase generics online securely. In case of a toothache, try here. Fast shipping guaranteed. Go here: Antibiotics Express. Good luck.

  681. п»їTo be honest, I had to find Doxycycline quickly and came across this amazing site. It allows you to order meds no script legally. If you have a bacterial infection, this is the best place. Fast shipping guaranteed. Visit here: cheap generic antibiotics. Good luck.

  698. Just now, I was looking for anti-parasitic meds for humans and stumbled upon a great pharmacy. It offers 3mg, 6mg & 12mg tablets with express shipping. For treating infections effectively, visit this link: buy anti-parasitic meds. Safe and secure

  734. Actually, I had to buy Amoxicillin for an infection and found Amoxicillin Express. They sell antibiotics without prescription with express shipping. If you need meds, check this out: check availability. Hope it helps.

  737. Actually, I had to buy antibiotics for a toothache and discovered this source. They provide generic Amoxil overnight. If you need meds, this is the best place: click here. Best prices.

  739. Just now, I needed scabies treatment medication and found this source. They sell human grade meds delivered fast. If you need to treat scabies safely, this is the best place: source. Hope it helps

  745. Actually, I was looking for Amoxicillin for a toothache and came across this source. You can get Amoxicillin 500mg with express shipping. If you are in pain, visit this link: read more. Hope it helps.

  791. Yeni Pin Up giriş ünvanını axtaranlar, doğru yerdesiniz. Bloklanmayan link vasitəsilə hesabınıza girin və oynamağa başlayın. Pulsuz fırlanmalar sizi gözləyir. Keçid: Pin Up AZ hamıya bol şans.

  793. Salamlar, əgər siz yaxşı kazino axtarırsınızsa, mütləq Pin Up saytını yoxlayasınız. Canlı oyunlar və rahat pul çıxarışı burada mövcuddur. Qeydiyyatdan keçin və bonus qazanın. Oynamaq üçün link: https://pinupaz.jp.net/# Pin Up giriş uğurlar hər kəsə!

  797. Bonaslot adalah agen judi slot online terpercaya di Indonesia. Ribuan member sudah merasakan Jackpot sensasional disini. Proses depo WD super cepat kilat. Situs resmi п»їBonaslot jangan sampai ketinggalan.

  805. Pin-Up AZ ölkəmizdə ən populyar platformadır. Saytda minlərlə oyun və canlı dilerlər var. Pulu kartınıza anında köçürürlər. Proqramı də var, telefondan oynamaq çox rahatdır. Rəsmi sayt Pin Up Azerbaijan tövsiyə edirəm.

  812. Yeni Pin Up giriş ünvanını axtaranlar, doğru yerdesiniz. İşlək link vasitəsilə qeydiyyat olun və oynamağa başlayın. Pulsuz fırlanmalar sizi gözləyir. Keçid: https://pinupaz.jp.net/# sayta keçid uğurlar.

  813. Bu sene popГјler olan casino siteleri hangileri? DetaylД± liste web sitemizde mevcuttur. Deneme bonusu veren siteleri ve gГјncel giriЕџ linklerini paylaЕџД±yoruz. Hemen tД±klayД±n п»їhttps://cassiteleri.us.org/# canlД± casino siteleri kazanmaya baЕџlayД±n.

  824. Salamlar, əgər siz keyfiyyətli kazino axtarırsınızsa, məsləhətdir ki, Pin Up saytını yoxlayasınız. Ən yaxşı slotlar və rahat pul çıxarışı burada mövcuddur. Qeydiyyatdan keçin və ilk depozit bonusunu götürün. Daxil olmaq üçün link: Pin Up giriş uğurlar hər kəsə!

  835. п»їSalam Gacor, cari situs slot yang gacor? Rekomendasi kami adalah Bonaslot. RTP Live tertinggi hari ini dan terbukti membayar. Isi saldo bisa pakai Dana tanpa potongan. Daftar sekarang: п»їhttps://bonaslotind.us.com/# Bonaslot link alternatif semoga maxwin.

  845. п»їHalo Bosku, lagi nyari situs slot yang mudah menang? Rekomendasi kami adalah Bonaslot. Winrate tertinggi hari ini dan terbukti membayar. Isi saldo bisa pakai Dana tanpa potongan. Daftar sekarang: п»їBonaslot login salam jackpot.

  847. Bu sene en çok kazandıran casino siteleri hangileri? Cevabı platformumuzda mevcuttur. Deneme bonusu veren siteleri ve yeni adres linklerini paylaşıyoruz. İncelemek için https://cassiteleri.us.org/# mobil ödeme bahis fırsatı kaçırmayın.

  848. Online slot oynamak isteyenler için kılavuz niteliğinde bir site: canlı casino siteleri Hangi site güvenilir diye düşünmeyin. Onaylı casino siteleri listesi ile sorunsuz oynayın. Detaylar linkte.

  850. Hər vaxtınız xeyir, əgər siz yaxşı kazino axtarırsınızsa, mütləq Pin Up saytını yoxlayasınız. Canlı oyunlar və sürətli ödənişlər burada mövcuddur. Qeydiyyatdan keçin və bonus qazanın. Daxil olmaq üçün link: Pin Up giriş uğurlar hər kəsə!

  854. Situs Bonaslot adalah agen judi slot online terpercaya di Indonesia. Ribuan member sudah mendapatkan Jackpot sensasional disini. Proses depo WD super cepat hanya hitungan menit. Situs resmi п»їBonaslot link alternatif jangan sampai ketinggalan.

  856. Info slot gacor hari ini: mainkan Gate of Olympus atau Mahjong Ways di Bonaslot. Situs ini anti rungkad dan resmi. Promo menarik menanti anda. Akses link: п»їhttps://bonaslotind.us.com/# situs slot resmi dan menangkan.

  870. Greetings, Lately found an amazing Indian pharmacy for affordable pills. If you want to buy ED meds without prescription, this site is very reliable. It has wholesale rates worldwide. Visit here: read more. Hope it helps.

  872. Hello everyone, I just came across a reliable resource for affordable pills. For those seeking and need cheap antibiotics, Pharm Mex is worth checking out. Great prices and very reliable. Take a look: visit website. Regards.

  881. Hey there, I recently discovered a trusted resource for cheap meds. If you are tired of high prices and need meds from Mexico, this store is worth checking out. Great prices and it is safe. Visit here: https://pharm.mex.com/#. Take care.

  885. Hello everyone, Just now discovered a reliable website for cheap meds. If you want to save money and need meds from Mexico, Pharm Mex is the best option. Great prices plus secure. Check it out: check availability. Take care.

  903. Greetings, Just now discovered an amazing online drugstore for affordable pills. If you need generic pills at factory prices, IndiaPharm is the best place. They offer wholesale rates guaranteed. Take a look: IndiaPharm. Cheers.

  904. To be honest, Lately ran into a trusted online source for cheap meds. If you are tired of high prices and want affordable prescriptions, Pharm Mex is the best option. No prescription needed plus secure. Link is here: mexican pharmacy online. Regards.

  906. Greetings, I recently found a trusted Mexican pharmacy for affordable pills. If you are tired of high prices and need generic drugs, this site is worth checking out. They ship to USA plus secure. Check it out: buy meds from mexico. Best of luck.

  911. Hi guys, Lately ran into a great Mexican pharmacy for affordable pills. If you are tired of high prices and want cheap antibiotics, Pharm Mex is the best option. Fast shipping plus very reliable. Take a look: mexican pharmacy. Peace.

  916. Hey there, Just now found a great resource for affordable pills. If you are tired of high prices and want meds from Mexico, this store is the best option. Fast shipping plus secure. Link is here: pharm.mex.com. All the best.

  918. Hi all, I recently discovered a great Indian pharmacy for affordable pills. If you need ED meds at factory prices, this store is highly recommended. It has fast shipping worldwide. Visit here: IndiaPharm. Cheers.

  920. Greetings, Just now came across a trusted resource for affordable pills. For those seeking and need cheap antibiotics, this store is a game changer. They ship to USA and secure. Check it out: safe mexican pharmacy. All the best.

  925. Hello, Lately found a useful website to save on Rx. For those looking for cheap antibiotics without prescription, IndiaPharm is the best place. They offer wholesale rates worldwide. Visit here: visit website. Cheers.

  929. Greetings, I recently discovered a great online drugstore to buy generics. If you need generic pills cheaply, this store is the best place. They offer lowest prices guaranteed. Take a look: buy meds from india. Hope it helps.

  931. Greetings, Lately ran into a trusted website to buy medication. For those seeking and need meds from Mexico, Pharm Mex is worth checking out. No prescription needed plus it is safe. Check it out: this site. Warmly.

  947. To be honest, I recently came across an awesome website for affordable pills. For those seeking and want cheap antibiotics, this store is the best option. They ship to USA and very reliable. Link is here: read more. Have a great week.

  967. Herkese merhaba, Vaycasino kullan?c?lar? icin k?sa bir duyuru paylas?yorum. Bildiginiz gibi Vaycasino adresini tekrar degistirdi. Giris sorunu yas?yorsan?z endise etmeyin. Guncel Vaycasino giris linki art?k asag?dad?r: Vaycasino Mobil Bu link uzerinden direkt hesab?n?za girebilirsiniz. Lisansl? casino keyfi surdurmek icin Vaycasino dogru adres. Tum forum uyelerine bol sans dilerim.

  968. Herkese selam, bu site oyuncular? icin onemli bir duyuru paylas?yorum. Malum site adresini yine degistirdi. Erisim hatas? yas?yorsan?z panik yapmay?n. Yeni Vay Casino giris adresi su an asag?dad?r: Vaycasino Twitter Bu link uzerinden vpn kullanmadan siteye girebilirsiniz. Guvenilir casino keyfi surdurmek icin Vaycasino dogru adres. Tum forum uyelerine bol kazanclar temenni ederim.

  972. Dostlar selam, bu site oyuncuları için kısa bir duyuru paylaşıyorum. Malum Vaycasino giriş linkini yine güncelledi. Giriş sorunu varsa panik yapmayın. Çalışan siteye erişim adresi artık aşağıdadır: Vaycasino İndir Bu link ile vpn kullanmadan siteye girebilirsiniz. Lisanslı casino deneyimi sürdürmek için Vay Casino doğru adres. Tüm forum üyelerine bol kazançlar temenni ederim.

  975. Herkese merhaba, Vaycasino kullanıcıları adına önemli bir duyuru paylaşıyorum. Malum Vaycasino adresini yine güncelledi. Giriş sorunu varsa endişe etmeyin. Güncel Vay Casino giriş adresi artık aşağıdadır: Vaycasino Yeni Adres Paylaştığım bağlantı ile vpn kullanmadan siteye girebilirsiniz. Güvenilir bahis keyfi sürdürmek için Vaycasino tercih edebilirsiniz. Tüm forum üyelerine bol kazançlar dilerim.

  977. Herkese selam, Vay Casino kullan?c?lar? ad?na k?sa bir bilgilendirme yapmak istiyorum. Malum site giris linkini yine guncelledi. Erisim hatas? yas?yorsan?z panik yapmay?n. Cal?san Vay Casino giris linki su an asag?dad?r: https://vaycasino.us.com/# Paylast?g?m baglant? uzerinden vpn kullanmadan hesab?n?za girebilirsiniz. Guvenilir casino deneyimi surdurmek icin Vay Casino dogru adres. Tum forum uyelerine bol sans dilerim.

  993. Herkese selam, bu popüler site kullanıcıları için önemli bir duyuru paylaşıyorum. Bildiğiniz gibi bahis platformu adresini erişim kısıtlaması nedeniyle yine değiştirdi. Erişim hatası varsa link aşağıda. Resmi siteye erişim bağlantısı artık burada Casibom Apk Paylaştığım bağlantı üzerinden doğrudan hesabınıza bağlanabilirsiniz. Ek olarak kayıt olanlara sunulan hoşgeldin bonusu fırsatlarını mutlaka kaçırmayın. En iyi bahis deneyimi sürdürmek için Casibom tercih edebilirsiniz. Herkese bol kazançlar dilerim.

  1005. Arkadaşlar selam, Casibom sitesi kullanıcıları için önemli bir bilgilendirme paylaşıyorum. Bildiğiniz gibi bahis platformu domain adresini BTK engeli yüzünden sürekli taşıdı. Giriş hatası varsa çözüm burada. Çalışan Casibom giriş linki şu an paylaşıyorum Casibom Paylaştığım bağlantı ile vpn kullanmadan siteye bağlanabilirsiniz. Ek olarak yeni üyelere verilen freespin fırsatlarını da inceleyin. En iyi slot deneyimi sürdürmek için Casibom tercih edebilirsiniz. Tüm forum üyelerine bol kazançlar dilerim.

  1026. Matbet TV güncel linki arıyorsanız işte burada. Hızlı için: Matbet Canlı maçlar burada. Arkadaşlar, Matbet bahis yeni adresi açıklandı.

  1028. Herkese selam, Vaycasino oyuncular? ad?na k?sa bir bilgilendirme yapmak istiyorum. Bildiginiz gibi Vaycasino adresini tekrar guncelledi. Giris sorunu yas?yorsan?z endise etmeyin. Son Vay Casino giris linki art?k asag?dad?r: Vay Casino Giris Paylast?g?m baglant? uzerinden direkt hesab?n?za erisebilirsiniz. Guvenilir casino keyfi icin Vaycasino dogru adres. Herkese bol sans dilerim.

  1033. Herkese selam, Casibom oyuncuları için önemli bir bilgilendirme yapmak istiyorum. Bildiğiniz gibi Casibom domain adresini BTK engeli yüzünden yine güncelledi. Erişim sorunu yaşıyorsanız doğru yerdesiniz. Güncel Casibom güncel giriş adresi artık burada https://casibom.mex.com/# Bu link üzerinden doğrudan hesabınıza erişebilirsiniz. Ek olarak yeni üyelere sunulan freespin kampanyalarını mutlaka kaçırmayın. En iyi bahis keyfi için Casibom doğru adres. Herkese bol kazançlar dilerim.

  1036. Arkadaşlar selam, Vay Casino oyuncuları adına kısa bir bilgilendirme paylaşıyorum. Malum site giriş linkini tekrar güncelledi. Giriş hatası yaşıyorsanız panik yapmayın. Güncel Vaycasino giriş linki şu an burada: Vaycasino Yeni Adres Paylaştığım bağlantı ile direkt hesabınıza girebilirsiniz. Lisanslı bahis keyfi sürdürmek için Vaycasino doğru adres. Herkese bol kazançlar temenni ederim.

  1042. Herkese selam, Casibom kullan?c?lar? icin onemli bir duyuru yapmak istiyorum. Herkesin bildigi uzere Casibom domain adresini erisim k?s?tlamas? nedeniyle tekrar tas?d?. Erisim problemi varsa cozum burada. Yeni Casibom giris baglant?s? su an asag?dad?r https://casibom.mex.com/# Paylast?g?m baglant? ile dogrudan hesab?n?za girebilirsiniz. Ayr?ca yeni uyelere sunulan yat?r?m bonusu f?rsatlar?n? da kac?rmay?n. En iyi bahis deneyimi icin Casibom dogru adres. Tum forum uyelerine bol sans dilerim.

  1046. Herkese selam, Vay Casino kullanıcıları için önemli bir duyuru yapmak istiyorum. Bildiğiniz gibi site adresini tekrar değiştirdi. Giriş sorunu varsa endişe etmeyin. Son siteye erişim adresi artık aşağıdadır: Vay Casino Apk Paylaştığım bağlantı üzerinden direkt hesabınıza erişebilirsiniz. Lisanslı casino deneyimi sürdürmek için Vaycasino tercih edebilirsiniz. Herkese bol şans temenni ederim.

  1063. Herkese merhaba, Vaycasino oyuncular? icin k?sa bir bilgilendirme paylas?yorum. Bildiginiz gibi Vaycasino giris linkini yine degistirdi. Giris hatas? yas?yorsan?z panik yapmay?n. Cal?san Vay Casino giris linki art?k asag?dad?r: https://vaycasino.us.com/# Paylast?g?m baglant? uzerinden direkt hesab?n?za girebilirsiniz. Lisansl? casino deneyimi surdurmek icin Vaycasino tercih edebilirsiniz. Herkese bol kazanclar temenni ederim.

  1071. Matbet TV giriş adresi lazımsa doğru yerdesiniz. Sorunsuz için tıkla: Giriş Yap Yüksek oranlar burada. Arkadaşlar, Matbet bahis yeni adresi belli oldu.

  1072. Explore the duality of human nature in Joseph Conrad’s most celebrated work. The contrast between the restraint of London and the wildness of the Congo drives the thematic core of the book. It is a text that has influenced countless writers and filmmakers. To get the most out of your reading, finding a Heart of Darkness PDF can be very helpful for annotation and review. The novella does not offer easy answers, but rather presents a vivid, disturbing picture of reality that lingers long after the final page is turned. https://heartofdarknesspdf.site/ Moby-Dick The Heart Of Darkness

  1078. The character of the Doctor represents the embodiment of colonial greed and racial prejudice. He refuses to treat the baby Coyotito when the family is poor, only to feign concern once he learns of Kino’s great discovery. This social commentary is a critical aspect of the book. Readers interested in post-colonial studies often look for the pearl pdf to analyze the interactions between the indigenous people and the settlers of European descent. Steinbeck exposes the hypocrisy of the upper class, showing how “civilization” can often be more savage than the natural world. The Doctor’s manipulation of Kino is a key plot point that drives the tragedy forward. https://thepearlpdf.site/ The Pearl Pdf Chapter 2

  1079. The friendship between the March girls and their mother, Marmee, is the emotional anchor of the story. Her wisdom guides them through poverty, illness, and heartbreak. To learn from her example, reading the novel is essential. A Little Women PDF makes it easy to access her lessons on parenting and life. It is a valuable resource for anyone looking for guidance or simply a beautiful story about the bond between a mother and her daughters. https://littlewomenpdf.site/ Little Women Book Pdf

  1080. The journey to find Kurtz is a journey into the abyss. Marlow’s voice acts as a guide through the moral confusion of the colonial enterprise. Conrad’s use of frame narration adds a layer of distance that makes the story feel like a myth or a legend. For those building a digital library of classics, a Heart of Darkness PDF is a necessary inclusion. The book’s exploration of racism, madness, and the human condition makes it a critical text for understanding the turn of the 20th century and the modern world that followed. https://heartofdarknesspdf.site/ Heart Of Darkness And Things Fall Apart Pdf

  1081. Meursault is a man who lives in the present moment, free from the burdens of the past or the future. This attitude makes him a monster in the eyes of the law. The Stranger by Albert Camus details the consequences of living without hope or fear. If you are searching for a digital version or PDF to explore this seminal work of existentialism, you will find a story that is as disturbing as it is liberating. It forces you to confront the silence of the universe and decide how to live within it. https://thestrangerpdf.site/ The Stranger French Pdf

  1082. Xin chào 500 anh em, bác nào muốn tìm cổng game không bị chặn để cày cuốc Game bài thì tham khảo con hàng này. Đang có khuyến mãi: Tải app BJ88. Về bờ thành công.

  1087. Why is this book considered a classic? It is not just the plot, but the way it is told. The impressionistic style forces the reader to participate in the making of meaning. Nothing is spelled out clearly; everything is suggested. To grapple with this difficult text, a Heart of Darkness PDF is often the best choice. It allows for quick searches and easy annotation. The novella is a challenge, but it is one that every serious reader should undertake. It is a journey into the heart of what it means to be human. https://heartofdarknesspdf.site/ Heart Of Darkness Penguin Readers Pdf

  1088. Hi các bác, người anh em nào cần nhà cái uy tín để chơi Game bài thì xem thử trang này nhé. Uy tín luôn: BJ88. Chúc các bác rực rỡ.

  1089. The trial of Meursault is one of the most famous courtroom dramas in literary history, yet it is hardly about the murder itself. In The Stranger, Albert Camus uses the judicial process to expose the hypocrisy of society. Meursault is condemned not because he killed a man, but because he is a stranger to the moral code of his peers. Readers looking for The Stranger PDF to understand the philosophical underpinnings of the absurd will find this text illuminating. It serves as a mirror reflecting the arbitrary nature of social conventions and the terrifying freedom of a godless universe. https://thestrangerpdf.site/ Camus The Stranger Pdf

  1095. The journey of Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy from childhood to womanhood is a story that demands to be read and re-read. It is a comforting reminder that while times change, the core emotions of growing up remain the same. To keep this story close at hand, many readers look for a Little Women PDF download. This format is perfect for the modern lifestyle, allowing you to dive back into the 1860s whenever you have a spare moment. Whether for a book club or personal enjoyment, having the digital file ensures that the wisdom of the March women is always accessible.

  1098. Xin chào 500 anh em, nếu anh em đang kiếm chỗ nạp rút nhanh để giải trí Casino đừng bỏ qua trang này nhé. Uy tín luôn: bj88. Húp lộc đầy nhà.

  1100. The fascination with Mr. Kurtz drives the narrative forward, pulling the reader deeper into the mystery. Is he a genius, a madman, or a monster? Conrad leaves the answer ambiguous, forcing the audience to draw their own conclusions. For those preparing for a literature exam, access to the text is non-negotiable. A Heart of Darkness PDF is frequently sought after by students needing to reference the famous line, “The horror! The horror!” This book is not just an adventure story; it is a profound examination of the void that exists when civilization is stripped away.

  1101. For educators and homeschoolers, this novel is a staple of the curriculum. It offers rich discussions on history, ethics, and literature. To facilitate learning, a digital text is very useful. A Little Women PDF allows students to search for keywords, analyze themes, and write papers with ease. It is a modern tool for teaching a classic text, ensuring that the next generation appreciates the genius of Louisa May Alcott just as much as the last.

  1103. In the courtroom, Meursault is an observer of his own trial. The Stranger highlights the absurdity of the legal process. Albert Camus shows how lawyers and judges create a fiction to explain a man’s life. If you want to download the PDF to read these famous scenes, you will see a scathing critique of how truth is manufactured. It is a novel that champions the individual against the collective.

  1105. Chào cả nhà, ai đang tìm trang chơi xanh chín để chơi Casino thì vào ngay con hàng này. Nạp rút 1-1: sunwin. Về bờ thành công.

  1109. The transition from the playful antics of childhood to the serious responsibilities of adulthood is captured perfectly in this novel. We watch the March sisters make mistakes, fall in love, and find their places in the world. To follow their path, you can download a Little Women PDF. This format is ideal for late-night reading sessions when you just can’t put the book down. The soft glow of a screen can illuminate the heartwarming and sometimes heartbreaking world of the March sisters, making it a truly immersive experience.

  1111. The tragedy of the book is compounded by the fact that Kino is right to want better for his son. His desires are noble: education, marriage, security. The tragedy is that the world punishes him for these noble desires. This makes the book deeply unfair, which is exactly the point. Readers engaging with the pearl pdf often feel a sense of righteous anger on Kino’s behalf. It is a story that incites emotion and demands that we look at the injustices in our own societies that punish the poor for dreaming.

  1115. Generations of readers have laughed and cried with Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. Their stories are distinct yet interwoven, creating a complete picture of growing up female in the 19th century. If you are a student or a lifelong learner, accessing the text digitally can be very helpful. A Little Women PDF allows for quick navigation to specific chapters or scenes. Whether you are analyzing the themes of domesticity or simply enjoying the narrative flow, the digital format enhances the accessibility of this monumental work of fiction.

  1116. For those who enjoy audiobooks, following along with the text can enhance the experience. Many users download the pearl pdf to read while listening to the narration. This helps in understanding the rhythm of Steinbeck’s prose, which often mimics the biblical cadence of a parable. The story is meant to be told and retold, and seeing the words on the page reinforces the power of the language. Phrases like “black as a goat’s eye” or “the music of the enemy” strike harder when read visually, allowing the imagery to sink in.

  1119. Discover the novel that is setting the standard for romance this year. Great Big Beautiful Life by Emily Henry is a tour de force of emotion and humor. If you are looking for a format that fits your busy lifestyle, the epub version is the perfect solution. It loads instantly on your smartphone or e-reader, giving you immediate access to a story that will capture your imagination. The writing is sharp, the pacing is perfect, and the emotional payoff is huge. This is not just a story; it is a journey through a life lived fully. Download the ebook and prepare to be swept away by a narrative that is truly great and beautiful. https://greatbigbeautifullifeepub.site/ What Happens In Great Big Beautiful Life

  1121. Discovering a new favorite book is always a thrill, and Shield of Sparrows promises to be exactly that. Written by the acclaimed Devney Perry, this novel is best experienced in a portable format. Searching for the shield of sparrows epub will lead you to a world of romance and intrigue that fits right in the palm of your hand. Electronic books offer the flexibility to read in the dark, adjust font sizes, and carry an entire library with you. This specific title is a must-have for anyone who appreciates well-written romantic fiction. Prepare yourself for an emotional journey that only Perry can deliver. https://shieldofsparrowsepub.site/ Shield Of Sparrows Sprayed Edges

  1136. A psychological thriller that digs deep into the scars of trauma. Shay and Jamie are a compelling team against a powerful enemy. The The Last Housewife epub is available for download. The story is a rollercoaster of emotions and danger. It is a book that challenges the reader to understand the complexity of abuse. A powerful and necessary read.

  1137. If you want a book that is simply beautiful, read Great Big Beautiful Life. Emily Henry writes with a style that is elegant. The epub format displays this elegance perfectly. It is a great, big, stylish story. The narrative is beautiful and refined. This is a life story that is a pleasure to read. Download the ebook and enjoy the beauty.

  1140. Discovering a new favorite book is always a thrill, and Shield of Sparrows promises to be exactly that. Written by the acclaimed Devney Perry, this novel is best experienced in a portable format. Searching for the shield of sparrows epub will lead you to a world of romance and intrigue that fits right in the palm of your hand. Electronic books offer the flexibility to read in the dark, adjust font sizes, and carry an entire library with you. This specific title is a must-have for anyone who appreciates well-written romantic fiction. Prepare yourself for an emotional journey that only Perry can deliver.

  1151. Chào anh em, bác nào muốn tìm trang chơi xanh chín để chơi Casino thì tham khảo chỗ này. Nạp rút 1-1: sun win. Húp lộc đầy nhà.

  1153. Ce récit est une plongée en apnée dans le quotidien d’un ancien président devenu justiciable. La tension est palpable à chaque ligne. Pour les adeptes de la lecture sur écran, le format epub du journal d’un prisonnier est vivement recommandé. Sarkozy y est incisif, précis, parfois émouvant. Il dresse le portrait d’une justice qu’il estime dévoyée, tout en réaffirmant son amour pour la France. Un témoignage puissant. https://lejournaldunprisonnierepub.site/ Livre Le Journal D’un Prisonnier​

  1160. Chaque sourire est suspect dans “Le Boyfriend”. Freida McFadden signe un thriller brillant. Ce livre en version epub est parfait pour l’immersion. L’intrigue est pleine de rebondissements inattendus. C’est une lecture rapide et intense. Ne passez pas à côté de ce roman. https://leboyfriendepub.site/ Le Boyfriend Freida Mcfadden Occasion​

  1162. The power of extensive reading is well-documented. By reading large amounts of comprehensible text, you learn faster than by intensive study. A short stories in German PDF is a start, but a book with eight stories provides the volume you need. You will see the same words appear again and again, which is how they move into your long-term memory. You will also encounter the same grammar structures in different settings. This repetition is the mother of learning. Commit to reading a little bit every day and watch your skills transform. https://shortstoriesingermanpdf.site/ Short Stories In German Pdf Free Download

  1177. “Le Boyfriend” n’est pas une simple histoire d’amour, c’est un piège mortel. Freida McFadden tisse une toile inextricable autour de ses personnages et de ses lecteurs. Si vous êtes fan de lecture sur liseuse, cet epub est un ajout indispensable à votre bibliothèque virtuelle. Le rythme est soutenu, les dialogues percutants et le suspense omniprésent. C’est le livre idéal pour ceux qui aiment avoir peur et être surpris. Téléchargez ce roman et préparez-vous à une nuit blanche, car l’envie de connaître la fin sera plus forte que le sommeil.

  1178. The search for the perfect rom-com often leads readers to Lynn Painter’s works. Better Than the Prom is a standout title that combines humor with heartfelt emotion. If you are trying to find a PDF version or an ebook to load onto your device, you are preparing to dive into a story about breaking rules and finding love in unexpected places. Wes Bennett is the kind of book boyfriend readers dream about, and Liz is a protagonist you can’t help but root for. Don’t miss out on this delightful tale of teenage angst and romance.

  1179. Vocabulary lists are boring. Stories are memorable. If you are searching for a short stories in German PDF, you understand this truth. This book capitalizes on the power of narrative to teach you German. You will follow characters through challenges and triumphs, and the words they use will become part of your own vocabulary. The “Science of Story” method suggests that our brains are wired to remember stories better than facts. Leverage this biology to learn German faster and with more enjoyment. It is efficient, effective, and entertaining.

  1181. Il y a des secrets qui ne devraient jamais être déterrés, mais dans “Le Boyfriend”, la curiosité est plus forte que la prudence. Freida McFadden nous livre un récit où le passé revient hanter le présent de manière brutale. Ce roman est une excellente option pour votre prochaine lecture en format epub. Facile à transporter dans votre liseuse, il vous accompagnera partout pour vous offrir votre dose quotidienne de suspense. L’intrigue est intelligente et perverse, jouant avec les nerfs du lecteur jusqu’au bout. Découvrez ce thriller qui fait l’unanimité chez les fans du genre.

  1182. L’ancien président signe ici son livre le plus personnel et le plus risqué. C’est un acte de foi en sa propre innocence. La disponibilité en epub du journal d’un prisonnier rend ce témoignage accessible à tous. Sarkozy y parle avec le cœur, sans langue de bois, de l’épreuve qu’il traverse. Un récit qui marquera l’histoire politique de la France.

  1184. Hello mọi người, nếu anh em đang kiếm trang chơi xanh chín để giải trí Đá Gà đừng bỏ qua con hàng này. Tốc độ bàn thờ: BJ88. Húp lộc đầy nhà.

  1186. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry ha lasciato al mondo un’eredità inestimabile, un libro che supera le barriere linguistiche e culturali per parlare direttamente al cuore di ogni essere umano. Anche se la ricerca di un file come il piccolo principe pdf è spesso il primo passo per avvicinarsi a quest’opera, ciò che trattiene il lettore è la bellezza struggente della narrazione e la malinconia dolce che pervade ogni capitolo. Dalla cura per la sua rosa capricciosa all’addio commovente con la volpe, ogni scena è un tassello di un mosaico che celebra l’innocenza e la saggezza, invitandoci a non dimenticare mai il bambino che siamo stati. https://ilpiccoloprincipepdf.site/ Il Piccolo Principe Inglese Pdf

  1187. Una storia brutale e bellissima che indaga il senso dell’esistenza. Una vita come tante di Hanya Yanagihara è disponibile per chi ama leggere in digitale e cerca il PDF. Le vicende di quattro amici a New York si intrecciano in un racconto epico che tocca le corde più sensibili dell’animo. Il formato eBook è perfetto per gestire la mole del libro e godersi la lettura in ogni situazione. Scopri perché questo romanzo ha ricevuto tanti elogi e preparati a un viaggio emotivo senza precedenti. https://unavitacometantepdf.site/ Una Vita.come Tante

  1188. Ken Follett firma il suo capolavoro finale con I giorni dell’eternità. La storia si intreccia con le vite dei personaggi in un modo che solo lui sa fare. L’epub è il formato perfetto per chi vuole leggere questo best-seller senza ingombri. La tecnologia digitale rende accessibile a tutti questa opera monumentale. Vivete le emozioni della fine del secolo attraverso le pagine di un libro che non dimenticherete facilmente. https://igiornidelleternitaepub.site/ I Giorni Dell Eternità Torrent

  1196. Per gli amanti dei thriller storici, l’attesa è finalmente terminata con l’arrivo di un’opera che promette di ridefinire il genere. Robert Langdon si trova nuovamente al centro di una cospirazione globale dove ogni indizio potrebbe essere fatale. Se stai cercando “L’ultimo segreto” in formato pdf, saprai già che la versatilità della lettura digitale è impareggiabile per seguire intrecci così complessi. L’autore ha saputo tessere una trama in cui arte, scienza e religione si scontrano violentemente. Preparati a dubitare di ogni certezza e a seguire il protagonista in una corsa contro il tempo che non lascia spazio a pause.

  1197. Leggere le pagine scritte dall’aviatore francese è un esercizio di pulizia interiore, che spazza via le scorie del cinismo e fa brillare di nuovo la speranza. Avere il testo come il piccolo principe pdf permette di farlo in ogni momento. La storia ci invita a non spegnere mai la nostra curiosità e a continuare a fare domande, anche quando sembra che non ci siano risposte, perché è nella ricerca stessa che risiede il senso del nostro camminare e del nostro evolvere come esseri umani.

  1204. Un romanzo che esplora l’amicizia maschile come mai prima d’ora. Una vita come tante di Hanya Yanagihara è disponibile in PDF ed eBook. La storia dei quattro protagonisti è un inno alla lealtà e all’affetto. La lettura digitale ti permette di gestire al meglio le mille pagine del libro. Non perdere l’opportunità di leggere uno dei romanzi più importanti del nostro tempo. Preparati a conoscere Jude St. Francis e a vivere con lui una storia di dolore e rinascita.

  1208. C’è un motivo se Ken Follett è considerato uno dei maestri del romanzo storico: la sua capacità di intrecciare vite private ed eventi pubblici è impareggiabile. In I giorni dell’eternità, assistiamo al gran finale di una saga che ha appassionato milioni di lettori. Acquistare o scaricare l’epub di questo libro vi garantisce l’accesso immediato a una storia che spazia attraverso i continenti e i decenni. È la scelta ideale per il lettore vorace che vuole ottimizzare i tempi e leggere ovunque. Lasciatevi catturare dalla narrazione fluida che racconta la fine delle dittature e l’alba di una nuova speranza per l’umanità.

  1215. The relationship between Elide and Lorcan is a slow-burn delight. It provides a different kind of romance than the main couple. Fans often search for the Empire of Storms PDF to read their scenes. The contrast between the dark warrior and the clever girl is perfect. It is a subplot that steals the show. https://empireofstormspdf.site/ Empire Of Storms Pdf Download Free

  1222. Parsons Manor is a place where nightmares come true. But it is also a place where love can bloom. The search for the Haunting Adeline PDF is a search for this contradiction. The book is a beautifully written gothic romance. It is a story that is full of atmosphere and mood. It is a novel that will transport you to another world. https://hauntingadelinepdf.site/ Haunting Adeline Epub Book

  1223. The conclusion of the Hunger Games saga is a profound meditation on the cyclical nature of violence. Katniss finds that victory comes at a terrible price that changes her forever. Reading the Mockingjay PDF gives you the flexibility to read this heavy content at your own pace. The digital format is discreet and portable, perfect for reading in public spaces. Suzanne Collins delivers a finale that is both satisfying and challenging. It is a book that demands discussion and reflection. https://mockingjaypdf.site/ Hunger Games Mockingjay Epub Free Download

LEAVE A REPLY

Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here

ascolta
ascoltahttps://www.ascolta.org

Latest article

Contacts:

[email protected]

2 Voloshkova st., Kyiv

© Ascolta, LLC. All rights reserved.

About us
“Ascolta” is an independent information and analytical centre specialising in information collection, processing and systematisation. The centre’s area of interest is political, economic, as well as social and humanitarian processes in the world, mainly in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. The key direction of our activity is studying Russia’s internal and external political environment and its influence on Europe, Africa and Latin America.

Terms & Conditions

Refund policy

© Ascolta, LLC. All rights reserved.